Abstract
The genus Propristocera Kieffer was very recently revived from the synonymy of the genus Apenesia Westwood, and consists of a total of 25 valid species recorded from the Afrotropical, Oriental and Palaearctic regions. Only two of its species, P. formosimonticola and P. pingtungensis, have been previously recorded from Taiwan. In this study, we examined species of Propristocera collected from Taiwan and the Ryukyus based on external morphology, male genital morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses, gene markers: nuclear 28SrDNA, mitochondrial COI. In consequence, four species were recognized. Propristocera okinawensis had its record expanded from the Ryukyus to Taiwan, whereas P. kusigematii previously known from the Ryukyus was synonymized under P. pingtungensis, which was known from Taiwan. Furthermore, one new species, Propristocera seediq sp. nov., was discovered in Taiwan and the Ryukyus.
References
Alencar, I.D.C.C., Waichert, C. & Azevedo, C.O. (2018) Opening Pandora’s box of Pristocerinae: molecular and morphological phylogenies of Apenesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) reveal several hidden genera. Systematic Entomology, 43 (3), 481–509.
https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12295
Azevedo, C.O., Alencar, I.D.C.C., Ramos, M.S., Barbosa, D.N., Colombo, W.D., Vargas, R.J.M. & Lim, J. (2018) Global guide of the flat wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Zootaxa, 4889 (1), 1–294.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4489.1.1
Evans, H.E. (1978) The Bethylidae of America North of Mexico. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 27, 332 pp.
Fisher, B.L. & Smith, A.M. (2008) A revision of Malagasy species of Anochetus Mayr and Odontomachus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). PloS ONE, 3 (5), e1787.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001787
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3 (5), 294–299.
Fouts, R.M. (1930) New bethylid and serphoid parasites from Borneo and the Philippine Island. Phillippine Journal of Science, 41, 1–10.
Kieffer, J.J. & Marshall, T.A. (1904–1906) Proctotrypides. In: André, E. (Ed.), Species des Hyménoptères d’Europe & d’Algerie. Tome IX. Librairie Scientifique A. Hermann, Paris, pp. 1–551, pls. 1–21. [Publication dates of the different parts: pages 1–64 1st January 1904; 65–144 1st April 1905; 145–288 1st November 1905; 289–368 31st January 1906; 369–551 1st October 1906]
Miwa, Y. & Sonan, J. (1935) Pristocera formosana, a new species of bethylid wasp parasitizing on elaterid larve. Taiwan Hakubutsu Gakkai Kaiho, 25, 90–92.
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes: Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference under Mixed Models. Bioinformatics, 19 (12), 1572–1574.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
Satria, R., Kurushima, H., Herwina, H., Yamane, Sk. & Eguchi, K. (2015) The trap-jaw ant genus Odontomachus Latreille form Sumatra, with a new species description. Zootaxa, 4048 (1), 1–36.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4048.1.1
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30 (12), 2725–2729.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
Tanabe, A.S. (2011) Kakusan4 and Aminosan: two programs for comparing non partitioned, proportional and separate models for combined molecular phylogenetic analyses of multilocus sequence data. Molecular Ecology Resources, 11, 914–921
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03021.x
Terayama, M. (1996) Six new species of the genus Apenesia (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Taiwan. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 51 (2), 23–28.
Terayama, M. (1999) Description of new species of the family Bethylidae from the Ryukyus, and taxonomic notes on the Japanese species of the Sclerodermus. In: Yamane, S., Ikudome, S. & Terayama, M. (Eds.), Identification Guide to the Aculeata of the Nansei Islands. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, pp. 701–725.
Terayama, M. (2006) The Insects of Japan (Hymenoptera). Vol. 1. Touka Shobo Co, Fukuoka, 317 pp.
Westwood, J.O. (1874) Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 205 pp.
Xu, Z.F., Terayama, M. & He, J.H. (2002) The genus Apenesia Westwood (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) in China, with Descriptions of three new species. Biogeography, 4, 33–37.
https://doi.org/10.11358/biogeo.4.33
Yasumatsu, K. (1955) Taxonomic notes on three wireworm parasites of the genus Pristocera from the Far East (Hymenoptera; Bethyloidea). Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 10, 223–409.
Zamprogno, L.N. & Azevedo, C.O. (2014) Phylogeny and reclassification of Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Insect Systematics & Evolution, 45 (1), 1–49.
https://doi.org/10.1163/1876312X-04402003