Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 45 No. 1: 18 May 2026
Type: Article
Published: 2026-05-18
DOI: 10.11646/bionomina.45.1.2
Page range: 12-42
Abstract views: 32
PDF downloaded: 0

A nomenclatural system for class-series zoological nomina. 2. The Principles of the Code

LZC President; Institut de Systématique; Évolution; Biodiversité (ISYEB); Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle; CNRS; Sorbonne Université; EPHE; Université des Antilles; Paris; France
Retired head of the invertebrate collection (except insects); Biology Centre of the Upper Austrian Museum; J.-W.-Klein-Str. 73; 4040 Linz; Austria; Member of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
Takehara Station; Setouchi Field Science Center; Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life; Hiroshima University; 5–8–1 Minato-machi; Takehara; Hiroshima; 725–0024; Japan
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG); Campus de Pesquisas; Av. Perimetral 1901; Bairro Terra Firme; 66077-830 Belém; Pará; Brasil; Member of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
División Entomología; Universidad Nacional de la Plata; CONICET; Museo de La Plata; Paseo del Bosque s/n; La Plata; Buenos Aires; Argentina
Association RACINE; 5 allée des Cygnes; 35750 Saint Maugan; France
Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle; Route de Malagnou 1; 1208 Genève; Switzerland
DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability); INRAE; Institut Agro; IFREMER; 35042 Rennes; France
National Museum of Natural History; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd. 1; 1000 Sofia; Bulgaria
Institut de Systématique; Évolution; Biodiversité (ISYEB); Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle; CNRS; Sorbonne Université; EPHE; Université des Antilles; Paris; France
LZC Secretary; Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship; Villanova University; Villanova; Pennsylvania 19085; USA
Zoological taxonomy zoological nomenclature Code terminology taxonomic categories nomenclatural ranks Preamble Nomenclatural Process (assignment, availability, allocation, validity, correctness, registration) Glossary of the Code Principles of the Code (independence, foundation, availability, nominal-series, binomina, uninomina, plurinomina coordination, neonymy, onomatophores, zygoidy, homonymy, synonymy, priority, airesy, proedry, nomography, sozoidy, archoidy, registration)

Abstract

The Code regulates the status of zoological nomina and nomenclatural acts. Its aim is to provide an explicit, precise and objective nomenclatural system for the unambiguous and universal naming of all zoological taxa recognised by taxonomists, so that, in the frame of a given classification, the nomen of each taxon is unique and distinct. It relies on a Nomenclatural Process consisting in four main stages: nomenclatural assignment and availability, nomenclatural and taxonomic allocation, nomenclatural validity and correctness, and registration of nomina and nomenclatural acts. Whereas the Code currently in force is based on six stated Principles, the Linz Zoocode Committee recognises 18 distinct ones, implemented throughout the Code but not mentioned as such in this text. We here submit proposals to the international community of zootaxonomists, in the perspective of their incorporation into the next version of the Code. Particular attention is devoted here to 11 Principles, those of Availability, Nominal-Series, Coordination, Neonymy, Onomatophores, Zygoidy, Homonymy, Synonymy, Sozoidy, Archoidy and Registration.

[1] Principle of Availability: [1.1] we stress its relevance not only for nomenclatural acts but also for taxonominal (both taxonomic and nomenclatural) acts, in order to avoid ambiguity and disagreements regarding the availability of the latter when published electronically; [1.2] we do not support the recent proposal of the Commission to replace in the Code the term ‘valid’ by the term ‘accepted’, as this would imply confusion between the concepts of availability and validity.

[2] Principle of Nominal-Series: [2.1] we support the distinctions between nomenclatural ranks and taxonomic categories, and between nomenclatural ranks and nominal-series; [2.2] we distinguish taxa which are in a direct relationship of hierarchy in a given classification (being superordinate, parordinate or subordinate to each other) from taxa which have no direct hierarchical or sister-taxa relationship (being alienordinate); [2.3] we argue that the Code should require that, in any given classification, nominal-series do not overlap hierarchically and that the same Rule should apply, within each of them, among nomenclatural ranks, so that parordinate taxa be always assigned the same nomenclatural rank in the same nominal-series.

[3] Principle of Coordination: we argue that it should not be implemented in the class-series, except in the case of a taxon that includes only one taxon of the just subordinate rank.

[4] Principle of Neonymy: [4.1] we distinguish the concept of ‘nomen’ (scientific name) from that of ‘paronym’ (avatar of a nomen), the paronyms of a nomen including its ‘protonym’ (original paronym) and ‘aponyms’ (subsequent paronyms); [4.2] we support the introduction in the Code of the terms ‘neonym’ (nomen novum), ‘archaeonym’ (nomen for which a neonym has been established) and ‘allelonym’ (one of two or more alternative nomina used in the same work for the same taxon); [4.3] we consider that the Code’s concepts of ‘unjustified emendation’ and of ‘new replacement name’ are just two kinds of neonyms, respectively ‘autoneonym’ and ‘alloneonym’, which should be submitted to the same nomenclatural Rules; [4.4] we suggest that the current Rules concerning neonyms and apographs are unclear and insufficient, and should be improved.

[5] Principle of Onomatophores: [5.1] we support the replacement in the Code of the term ‘type’ by the term ‘onomatophore’, with two main categories, ‘onymophoront’ (nomen-bearing specimen) and ‘nucleomen’ (nomen-bearing nominal taxon); [5.2] we stress that the taxonomic allocation of nomina under the Code is made through bidirectional (both inclusive and exclusive) ostension, not only by inclusive ostension or by intension or extension.

[6] Principle of Zygoidy: we support the introduction in the Code of the nomenclatural concept of zygoidy to designate all situations of nomenclatural conflict for validity or correctness between two nomina, spellings or onomatophore designations.

[7] Principle of Homonymy: we propose a detailed classification of the different kinds of homonymy recognised by the Code within (but not between) the different nominal-series.

[8] Principle of Synonymy: [8.1] the concept of synonymy, which applies only between nomina of the same nominal-series, is a nomenclatural (objective synonymy) or taxonominal (subjective synonymy) concept, not a purely taxonomic one; [8.2] two nomina applying to the same taxon but assigned to different nominal-series are not synonymous but ‘synotaxic’.

[9] Principle of Sozoidy: we argue that the conditions of the Code for the interpretation of ‘reversal of precedence’ are too permissive and should be replaced by conditions based on precise ‘categories of usage’ of nomina in the literature.

[10] Principle of Archoidy: we note that the Commission has the power to invalidate permanently a nomen or a nomenclatural act, but not to validate a nomen permanently, as even a nomen entered in an Official List, if found to be a junior synonym or homonym of another available nomen, may later be invalidated.

[11] Principle of Registration: we are very sceptical about the long-term permanency of electronic documents in view of the various threats that they already face, which may become much worse in the coming decades, and we think that the information currently registered in the lists managed by the Commission should be mirrored in paper publications that should be deposited in several libraries in all major regions of the world.

References

  1. Anonymous [Commission Internationale Permanente de la Nomenclature Zoologique] (1914). • Règles internationales de la nomenclature zoologique adoptées par les Congrès Internationaux de Zoologie. • In: IXe Congrès international de Zoologie, tenu à Monaco du 25 au 30 mars 1913. Rennes (Oberthür): 895–915.
  2. Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1961). • International code of zoological nomenclature. ‘First edition’. London (International Trust for zoological Nomenclature): i–xviii + 1–176.
  3. Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1964). • International code of zoological nomenclature. ‘Second edition’. London (International Trust for zoological Nomenclature): i–xx + 1–177.
  4. Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1985). • International code of zoological nomenclature. ‘Third edition’. London (International Trust for zoological Nomenclature): i–xx + 1–338.
  5. Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999). • International code of zoological nomenclature. ‘Fourth edition’. London (International Trust for zoological Nomenclature): i–xxix + 1–306.
  6. Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (2012). • Amendment of Articles 8, 9, 10, 21 and 78 of the International Code of Zoological nomenclature to expand and refine methods of publication. Zootaxa, 3450: 1–7. <https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3450.1.1>.
  7. Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A. (2005). • Nomenclature of higher taxa: a new approach. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 62 (4): 189–199.
  8. Annandale, N. (1912). • Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911–1912. I. Amphibia. Records of the Indian Museum, 8: 7–36. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.1186>.
  9. Avise, J. C. & Liu, J.-X. (2011). • On the temporal inconsistencies of Linnean taxonomic ranks. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 102: 707‒714. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01624.x>.
  10. Bănărescu, P. (1973). • Principiile şi metodele zoologiei sistematice. Bucureşti (Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România): 1‒220.
  11. Bertrand, Y., Pleijel, F. & Rouse, G. W. (2006). • Taxonomic surrogacy in biodiversity assessments, and the meaning of Linnaean ranks. Systematics and Biodiversity, 4 (2): 149‒159. <https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200005001908>.
  12. Blanchard, R. (ed.) (1905). • Règles internationales de la nomenclature zoologique adoptées par les Congrès Internationaux de Zoologie. Paris (Rudeval): 1–64.
  13. Cuvier, G. (1802). • Mémoire sur le Clio borealis. Annales du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 1: 242‒250, 1 pl.
  14. Darwin, C. (1859). • On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London (John Murray): [i‒x] + 1‒502. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68064>.
  15. David, J., Garrity, G. M., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Jahn, R., Kirk, P. M., McNeill, J., Michel, E., Knapp, S., Patterson, D. J., Tindall, B. J., Todd, J. A., Tol, J. van & Turland , N. J. (2012). • Biological nomenclature terms for facilitating communication in the naming of organisms. Zookeys, 192: 67‒72. <https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.192.3347>.
  16. Denys de Montfort, [P.] (1808). • Conchyliologie systématique, et classification méthodique des coquilles; offrant leurs figures, leur arrangement générique, leurs descriptions caractéristiques, leurs noms; ainsi que leur synonymie en plusieurs langues. Tome 1. Coquilles univalves, cloisonnées. Paris (F. Schoell): [i–lxxxvii] + 1–409 + [i]. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10571>.
  17. Denys de Montfort, [P.] (1810). • Conchyliologie systématique, et classification méthodique des coquilles; offrant leurs figures, leur arrangement générique, leurs descriptions caractéristiques, leurs noms; ainsi que leur synonymie en plusieurs langues. Tome 2. Coquilles univalves, non cloisonnées. Paris (F. Schoell): [i–iii] + 1–676.
  18. Denys-Montfort, [P.] (1802a) [an X]. • Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des mollusques, animaux sans vertèbres et à sang blanc. Tome 1. Paris (Dufart): 1‒390, pl. 1‒7.
  19. Denys-Montfort, [P.] (1802b) [an X]. • Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des mollusques, animaux sans vertèbres et à sang blanc. Tome 2. Paris (Dufart): 1‒424, pl. 8‒26.
  20. Denys-Montfort, [P.] (1802c) [an X]. • Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des mollusques, animaux sans vertèbres et à sang blanc. Tome 3. Paris (Dufart): 1‒424, pl. 27‒41.
  21. Denys-Montfort, [P.] (1802d) [an X]. • Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des mollusques, animaux sans vertèbres et à sang blanc. Tome 4. Paris (Dufart): 1‒376, pl. 42‒50.
  22. Dubois, A. (1986). • A propos de l’emploi controversé du terme ‘monophylétique’: nouvelles propositions. Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon, 55 (7): 248‒254. <https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.1986.10766>.
  23. Dubois, A. (1988). • The genus in zoology: a contribution to the theory of evolutionary systematics. Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, (A), 140: 1–123. <https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004627260>.
  24. Dubois, A. (1997). • Proposals concerning the conditions needed for a name being eligible for conservation. • In: Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. Early scientific names of Amphibia Anura. I. Introduction. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, (4) 18 (3–4): 317–320. <https://doi.org/10.5962/p.290335>.
  25. Dubois, A. (1998). • List of European species of amphibians and reptiles: will we soon be reaching ‘stability’? Amphibia-Reptilia, 19 (1): 1–28. <https://doi.org/10.1163/156853898X00304>.
  26. Dubois, A. (2000). • Synonymies and related lists in zoology: general proposals, with examples in herpetology. Dumerilia, 4 (2): 33–98.
  27. Dubois, A. (2005a) • Les règles de la nomenclature familiale en zoologie. • In: Dubois, A., Poncy, O., Malécot, V. & Léger, N. (ed.). Comment nommer les taxons de rang supérieur en zoologie et en botanique? Biosystema, 23: 17–40.
  28. Dubois, A. (2005b). • Propositions pour l’incorporation des nomina de taxons de rang supérieur dans le Code international de nomenclature zoologique. • In: Dubois, A., Poncy, O., Malécot, V. & Léger, N. (ed.). Comment nommer les taxons de rang supérieur en zoologie et en botanique? Biosystema, 23: 73–96.
  29. Dubois, A. (2005c). • Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 1. Some general questions, concepts and terms of biological nomenclature. Zoosystema, 27 (2): 365–426. <https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1337.1.1>.
  30. Dubois, A. (2005d). • Proposals for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked taxa into the Code. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 62 (4): 200–209.
  31. Dubois, A. (2006a). • Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 2. The proposed Rules and their rationale. Zoosystema, 28 (1): 165–258. <https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1337.1.1>.
  32. Dubois, A. (2006b). • New proposals for naming lower-ranked taxa within the frame of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Comptes rendus Biologies, 329 (10): 823–840. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2006.07.003>.
  33. Dubois, A. (2006c). • Incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked taxa into the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: some basic questions. Zootaxa, 1337: 1–37. <https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1337.1.1>.
  34. Dubois, A. (2006d). • Naming taxa from cladograms: a cautionary tale. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42: 317–330. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.007>.
  35. Dubois, A. (2007a). • Phylogeny, taxonomy and nomenclature: the problem of taxonomic categories and of nomenclatural ranks. Zootaxa, 1519: 27–68. <https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1519.1.3>.
  36. Dubois, A. (2007b). • Naming taxa from cladograms: some confusions, misleading statements, and necessary clarifications. Cladistics, 23: 390–402. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00151.x>.
  37. Dubois, A. (2008a). • Zoological nomenclature: some urgent needs and problems. • In: Future trends of taxonomy, EDIT Symposium, Carvoeiro (Portugal), 21–23 January 2008: 15–18.
  38. Dubois, A. (2008b). • Le Code international de nomenclature zoologique: présentation, philosophie, règles majeures, problèmes actuels. • In: Prat, D., Raynal-Roques, A. & Roguenant, A. (ed.). Peut-on classer le vivant? Linné et la systématique aujourd’hui. Paris (Belin): 355–402.
  39. Dubois, A. (2008c). • Phylogenetic hypotheses, taxa and nomina in zoology. • In: Minelli, A., Bonato, L. & Fusco, G. (ed.). Updating the Linnaean heritage: names as tools for thinking about animals and plants. Zootaxa, 1950: 51–86. <https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1950.1.2>.
  40. Dubois, A. (2010a). • Contributions to the discussion on electronic publication. IV. (6) Registration as a fourth floor of the nomenclatural process. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 67 (1): 11–23.
  41. Dubois, A. (2010b). • Nomenclatural rules in zoology as a potential threat against natural history museums. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution, 10: 81–90. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-010-0015-1>.
  42. Dubois, A. (2010c). • Zoological nomenclature in the century of extinctions: priority vs. ‘usage’. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution, 10: 259–274. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-010-0021-3>.
  43. Dubois, A. (2011). • The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature must be drastically improved before it is too late. Bionomina, 2: 1–104. <https://doi.org/10.11 646/bionomina.2.1.1>.
  44. Dubois, A. (2012). • The distinction between introduction of a new nomen and subsequent use of a previously introduced nomen in zoological nomenclature. Bionomina, 5: 57–80. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.5.1.2>.
  45. Dubois, A. (2013). • Zygoidy, a new nomenclatural concept. Bionomina, 6: 1–25. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.6.1.1>.
  46. Dubois, A. (2015a). • Zoological nomina in the century of extinctions: new proposals. Bionomina, 8: 11–53. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.8.1.2>.
  47. Dubois, A. (2015b). • The Duplostensional Nomenclatural System for higher zoological nomenclature. Dumerilia, 5: 1–108.
  48. Dubois, A. (2016). • The Duplostensional Nomenclatural System for higher zoological nomenclature: additional comments. Dumerilia, 6: 5–16.
  49. Dubois, A. (2017). • The nomenclatural status of Hysaplesia, Hylaplesia, Dendrobates and related nomina (Amphibia, Anura), with general comments on zoological nomenclature and its governance, as well as on taxonomic databases and websites. Bionomina, 11: 1–48. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.11.1.1>.
  50. Dubois, A. (2020). • The status regarding publication date and availability of taxonomic works published online without proper Zoobank registration. Bionomina, 18: 44‒55. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.18.1.2>.
  51. Dubois, A. (2022a). • Type species of genera in zoological nomenclature. Bionomina, 26: 1‒33. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.26.1.1>.
  52. Dubois, A. (2022b). • Nomenclatural acts in zoological nomenclature. Bionomina, 31: 1‒23. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.31.1.1>.
  53. Dubois, A. (2025). • Nomenclatural problems in zoological taxonomy. • In: Wheeler, Q. D. & Williams, D. (ed.). The new taxonomy: a science reimagined. Boca Raton (Taylor & Francis): 146‒173. <https://doi.org/10.1201/b22822-9>.
  54. Dubois, A. & Aescht, E. (ed.) (2019a). • LZC Session 20. The Principles of the Zoocode. 6. The Principle of Neonymy. Dumerilia, 8: 48‒52.
  55. Dubois, A. & Aescht, E. (ed.) (2019b). • LZC Session 33. The Principles of the Zoocode. 15. The Principle of Sozoidy. Dumerilia, 8: 133–142.
  56. Dubois, A., Aescht, E., Aneesh, P. T., Dellapé, P. M., Frétey, T., Löbl, I., Lorvelec, O., Marinov, M., Ohler, A. & Bauer, A. M. (2025). • The Linz Zoocode project. Seventh report of activities (2025). Comments on the ‘significant challenges’ for zoological nomenclature listed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Six Articles from Chapters 1, 2 and 4 of the Code. Bionomina, 43: 14–33. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.43.2.3>.
  57. Dubois, A., Aescht, E. & Dickinson, E. C. (2016). • Burning questions and problems of zoological nomenclature. The Linz International Workshop of Zoological Nomenclature (9–10 July 2014). Dumerilia, 6: 24‒34.
  58. Dubois, A., Aneesh, P. T., Bauer, A. M., Ceríaco, L. M. P., Daniel, G. M., De Prins, J., Frétey, T., Löbl, I., Lorvelec, O., Marinov, M., Ohler, A., Schmitt, M., Whittington, A., Young, M. & Aescht, E. (2022b). • The Linz Zoocode project. Fifth report of activities (2022). Nomenclatural availability. 4. Electronic publication. Bionomina, 28: 71–119. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.28.1.4>.
  59. Dubois, A., Aneesh, P. T., Bauer, A. M., Ceríaco, L. M. P., Daniel, G. M., Frétey, T., Löbl, I., Lorvelec, O., Marinov, M., Ohler, A., Schmitt, M., Whittington, A. & Aescht, E. (2022a). • The Linz Zoocode project. Second report of activities (2020). Nomenclatural availability. 1. What is nomenclatural availability? Bionomina, 28: 1–17. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.28.1.1>.
  60. Dubois, A., Bauer, A. M., Ceríaco, L. M. P., Dusoulier, F., Frétey, T., Löbl, I., Lorvelec, O., Ohler, A., Stopiglia, R. & Aescht, E. (2019). • The Linz Zoocode project: a set of new proposals regarding the terminology, the Principles and Rules of zoological nomenclature. First report of activities (2014‒2019). Bionomina, 17: 1‒111. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.17.1.1>.
  61. Dubois, A. & Bour, R. (2010). • The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768). Zootaxa, 2447: 1–52. <https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2447.1.1>.
  62. Dubois, A., Crochet, P.-A., Dickinson, E. C., Nemésio, A., Aescht, E., Bauer, A. M., Blagoderov, V., Bour, R., Carvalho, M. R. de, Desutter-Grandcolas, L., Frétey, T., Jäger, P., Koyamba, V., Lavilla, E. O., Löbl, I., Louchart, A., Malécot, V., Schatz, H. & Ohler, A. (2013). • Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems related to the electronic publication of new nomina and nomenclatural acts in zoology, with brief comments on optical discs and on the situation in botany. Zootaxa, 3735 (1): 1–94. <https://doi.org/10.11 646/zootaxa.3735.1.1>.
  63. Dubois, A. & Frétey, T. (2025). • Problems with the nomenclatural availability and promulgation date of zoological works, nomina and nomenclatural acts published electronically online. Bionomina, 42: 10‒75. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.42.1.2>.
  64. Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (1997a). • Early scientific names of Amphibia Anura. I. Introduction. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, ‘1996’, (4), 18 (3–4): 297–320. <https://doi.org/10.5962/p.290335>.
  65. Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (1997b). • Early scientific names of Amphibia Anura. II. An exemplary case: Rana arborea Linnaeus, 1758. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, ‘1996’, (4), 18 (3–4): 321–340. <https://doi.org/10.5962/ p.290335>.
  66. Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (2001). • Systematics of the genus Philautus Gistel, 1848 (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae, Rhacophorinae): some historical and metataxonomic comments. Journal of South Asian natural History, 5 (2): 173–186.
  67. Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (2018). • The Hyla quoyi-Hyla prasina case (Amphibia, Anura), with comments on bibliographic and taxonomic databases and on Article 23.9 of the Code. Zoosystema, 40 (23): 501‒506. <https://doi.org/10.5252/zoosystema2018v40a23>.
  68. Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (2019). • The nomina Anura, Urodela, Ecaudata and Caudata, credited to ‘Fischer von Waldheim, 1813’, do not exist, with comments on the nomenclature of higher zoological taxa and on the authorships and dates of other amphibian nomina. Bionomina, 14: 1‒68. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.14.1.1>.
  69. Dubois, A., Ohler, A. & Pyron, R. A. (2021). • New concepts and methods for phylogenetic taxonomy and nomenclature in zoology, exemplified by a new ranked cladonomy of recent amphibians (Lissamphibia). Megataxa, 5 (1): 1‒738. <https://doi.org/10.11646/megataxa.5.1.1>.
  70. Dubois, A. & Raffaëlli, J. (2009). • A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1–4): 1–85.
  71. Dubois, A. & Raffaëlli, J. (2012). • A new ergotaxonomy of the order Urodela Duméril, 1805 (Amphibia, Batrachia). Alytes, 28 (3–4): 77–161.
  72. Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764). • Les figures des plantes et animaux d’usage en médecine, décrits dans la Matière Médicale de Mr. Geoffroy Médecin. Paris: [i–v] + 1–20, pl. 644–729. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49481>.
  73. Haeckel, E. (1866). • Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. Berlin (Georg Reimer): Vol. 1: i‒xxxii + 1‒574, pl. 1‒2; Vol 2: i‒clx + 1‒462, pl. 1‒8. <https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110848281>.
  74. Hemming, F. (ed.) (1953). • Copenhagen decisions on zoological nomenclature. Additions to, and modifications of, the Règles internationales de la nomenclature zoologique; approved and adopted by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, August, 1953, London (International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature): i–xxxi + 1–135.
  75. Hennig, W. (1950). • Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Berlin (Deutscher Zentralverlag): i–vii + 1–370.
  76. Hennig, W. (1966). • Phylogenetic systematics. Urbana, Chicago & London (University of Illinois Press): i–vii + 1–263.
  77. Hillis, D. M. (2006). • Constraints in naming parts of the tree of life. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42: 331–338. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001>.
  78. Klopper, R. R., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., May, T. W., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J., Smith, G. F., Señoret, J. C. Z., Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Gandhi, K. N., Gravendyck, J., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L. & Herendeen, P. S. [Editorial Committee of the Madrid Code] (2025). • International Code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Madrid Code) accepted by the Twentieth International Botanical Congress, Madrid, Spain, July 2024. Regnum vegetabile, Chicago (University of Chicago Press), 161.
  79. Kluge, A. G. (2005). • Taxonomy in theory and practice, with arguments for a new phylogenetic system of taxonomy. • In: Donnelly, M. H., Crother, B. I., Guyer, C., Wake, M. H. & White, M. E. (ed.). Ecology and evolution in the tropics: a herpetological perspective. Chicago (University of Chicago Press): 7–47.
  80. Krecsák, L. (2026). • A review of the amphibians and reptiles referred to the class Amphibia in Linnaeus’s 12th edition of Systema Naturae and Mantissa Plantarum Altera, with a guide on how to read Systema Naturae. Bionomina, 44 (2): 23‒73. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.44.2.1>.
  81. Latreille, P. A. (1802) [an X]. • Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes. Familles naturelles des genres. Tome 4. Paris (Dufart): 1‒387, pl. 16‒37. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15764>.
  82. Latreille, P. A. (1810). • Considérations générale sur l’ordre naturel des animaux composant les classes des crustacés, des arachnides et des insectes. Paris (F. Schoell): [1–9] + 10–444. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.39620>.
  83. Laurenti, J. N. (1768). • Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae (Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern): i–ii + 1–215, pl. 1–5. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5108>.
  84. Laurin, M. (2005). • The advantages of phylogenetic nomenclature over Linnean nomenclature. • In: Minelli, A., Ortalli, G. & Sanga, G. (ed.). Animal names. Venezia (Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti): 67–97.
  85. Laurin, M. (2008). • The splendid isolation of biological nomenclature. Zoologica scripta, 37: 223–233. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00318.x>.
  86. Laurin, M. (2010). • The subjective nature of Linnaean categories and its impact in evolutionary biology and biodiversity studies. Contributions to Zoology, 79 (4): 131‒146. <https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07904001>.
  87. Linnaeus, C. (1735). • Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species. Lugduni Batavorum (Theodorus Haak): [1–12]. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.877>.
  88. Linnaeus, C. (1736a). • Methodus juxta quam physiologus accurate & feliciter concinnare potest historiam cujuscunque naturalis subjecti, sequentibus hisce paragraphis comprehensa. Lugduni Batavorum (Angelum Sylvium): [1].
  89. Linnaeus, C. (1736b). • Fundamenta botanica quae majorum operum prodromi instat theriam scientae botanices per breves aphorismos tradunt. Amstelodami (Salomon Schouten): [i–iii] + 1–36.
  90. Linnaeus, C. (1758). • Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus 1. Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii): [i–iv] + 1–824. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542>.
  91. Löbl, I. (2015). • Stability under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: a bag of problems affecting nomenclature and taxonomy. Bionomina, 9; 35–40. <https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.9.1.3>.
  92. Melville, R. V. (1995). • Towards stability in the names of animals. London (International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature): i–xi + 1–92.
  93. Minelli, A. (2000). • The ranks and the names of species and higher taxa, or, a dangerous inertia of the language of natural history. • In: Ghiselin, M. T. & Leviton, A. E. (ed.). Cultures and institutions of natural history. Essays in the history and philosophy of science. San Francisco (California Academy of Sciences): 339–351.
  94. Pavlinov, I. Y., [Павлинов, И. Я.] (2014). • Taxonomic nomenclature. Book 2. From Linnaeus to first Codes. [Таксономическая номенклатура. Книга 2. От Линея до первых кодексов]. Zoologitsheskie Issledovaniya [Зоологические исследования] (Zoological Research), 15: 1‒223.
  95. Pleijel, F. & Rouse, G. W. (2003). • Ceci n’est pas une pipe: names, clades and phylogenetic nomenclature. Journal of zoological Systematics and evolutionary Research, 41: 162–174. <https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0469.2003.00236.x>.
  96. Rafinesque, C. S. (1815). • Analyse de la nature ou tableau de l’univers et des corps organisés. Palerme (Jean Barravecchia): 1–124, 1 pl. <https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.106607>.
  97. Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S. (1814). • Principes fondamentaux de somiologie ou les loix [sic] de la nomenclature et de la classification de l’empire organique, ou des animaux et des végétaux, contenant les règles essentielles de l’art de leur imposer des noms immuables et de les classer méthodiquement. Palerme (Franc. Abate): 1–52.
  98. Savage, J. M. (1990a). • Meetings of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Systematic Zoology, 39 (4): 424–425. <https://doi.org/10.1093/syszoo/39.4.424>.
  99. Savage, J. M. (1990b). • ICZN meetings. Copeia, 1990 (4): 1205–1208.
  100. Savage, J. M. (1991). • Meetings of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Amphibia-Reptilia, 12 (1): 116–118.
  101. Schaefer, W. W. (1976). • The reality of the higher taxonomic categories. Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 14: 1–10.
  102. Simpson, G. G. (1940). • Types in modern taxonomy. American Journal of Science, 238: 413–431. <https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.238.6.413>.
  103. Smith, A. B. (1988). • Patterns of diversification and extinction in early Palaeozoic echinoderms. Palaeontology, 31: 799–828.
  104. Smith, H. M. & Pérez-Higareda, G. (1986). • Nomenclatural name-forms. Systematic Zoology, 35 (3): 421–422. <https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/35.3.421>.
  105. Strickland, H. E., Henslow, J. S., Phillips, J., Shuckard, W. E., Richardson, J., Waterhouse, G. R., Owen, R., Yarrell, W., Jenyns, L., Darwin, C., Broderip, W. J. & Westwood, J. O. (1843). • Series of propositions for rendering the nomenclature of zoology uniform and permanent, being the Report of a Committee for the consideration of the subject appointed by the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Annals and Magazine of natural History, (1), 11: 259–275. <https://doi.org/10.1080/03745484309445300>.
  106. Sundberg, P. & Pleijel, F. (1994). • Phylogenetic classification and the definition of taxon names. Zoologica scripta, 23: 19–25. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1994.tb00369.x>.
  107. Vieites, D. R., Min, M.-S. & Wake, D. (2007). • Rapid diversification and dispersal during periods of global warming by plethodontid salamanders. Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences of the USA, 104 (50): 19903–19907. <https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705056104>.
  108. Welter-Schultes, F. (2024). • International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: Code-5 Progress Report. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 81: 5‒10. <https://doi.org/10.21805/bzn.v81.a001>.
  109. Submitted: 1 March 2026. Accepted: 29 April 2026. Published: 18 May 2026.
  110. Corresponding Editor: Alessandro Minelli.