Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Monograph
Published: 2005-04-12
Page range: 1–68
Abstract views: 237
PDF downloaded: 160

A synoptic review of the ants of California (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Hymenoptera ant taxonomy distribution biogeography endemism Camponotus Lasius Forelius Monomorium Myrmica Leptothorax Temnothorax

Abstract

The taxonomy and composition of the California ant fauna is reviewed, leading to the recognition of 281 species (in 44 genera), of which 255 are considered indigenous and 39 are endemic. Species-level endemism (13.9%) is higher than in adjacent regions, as is the percentage of non-native species (9.3%). About one quarter of the indigenous ant species are endemic to the California floristic province (sensu Hickman 1993). Approximately 36 species appear to be undescribed. Most of these undescribed species are assigned code names, which match those used on the “Ants of California” web site (http://www.antweb.org/california.jsp). One new species is described, Camponotus maritimus Ward, sp. nov., which corresponds to the taxon previously called Camponotus maculatus subsp. vicinus var. maritimus Wheeler (unavailable quadrinomen). Three species names are revalidated: Leptothorax calderoni Creighton stat. reval., stat. nov., Myrmica glacialis Emerystat. reval., stat. nov., and Temnothorax rudis (Wheeler) stat. reval., comb. nov. The following new synonymy is proposed (senior synonym listed first): Forelius pruinosus (Roger) = F. analis (André); Monomorium ergatogyna Wheeler = M. wheelerorum DuBois; Temnothorax andrei (Emery) = T. nitens heathii (Wheeler) = T. nitens occidentalis (Wheeler) = T. ocellatus (MacKay); Temnothorax nevadensis (Wheeler) = T. lindae (MacKay) = T. maryanae (MacKay); Temnothorax nitens (Emery) = T. mariposa (Wheeler) = T. melinus (MacKay). The genus Acanthomyops Mayr is demoted to subgenus (stat. rev.) within Lasius Fabricius, in accord with recent molecular phylogenetic results. A key to the ant genera of California (based on the worker caste), a synopsis of each genus, a comprehensive bibliography, and a species list are also provided.Keywords. ant taxonomy, distribution, biogeography, endemism, Camponotus, Lasius, Forelius, Monomorium, Myrmica, Leptothorax, TemnothoraxLike other components of the California biota, the ant fauna of this state shows considerable biological diversity and regional endemism. Yet there has been no comprehensive systematic treatment of the ants of California, much less a reliable checklist or a set of identification keys. Part of this stems from the complexity of the fauna and an attendant rash of taxonomic problems whose resolution requires additional study at a larger geographical scale. In light of these constraints, the present paper aims to provide no more than a cursory survey of the ant genera, a provisional list of species, and a guide to the literature. A few necessary taxonomic changes are introduced, mostly involving new synonymy at the species level. A prime motivation for this paper stems from the need to establish a reference checklist for a new web site illustrating the ants of California (http:// www.antweb.org/california.jsp). This web site, developed in collaboration with Brian Fisher (California Academy of Sciences), is designed to facilitate identification by providing high-quality digital images of the known California ant species. The first descriptions of California ants appeared in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, in widely scattered taxonomic papers by Buckley, Emery, Forel, Mayr, W. M. Wheeler and others. Mallis (1941) and Cook (1953) published a species list and a booklength treatment, respectively, of the ants of California but both of these are out-of-date and error-ridden. Revisionary studies on specific groups of ants, carried out within the last 60 years and usually at a continent-wide scale, have had a more salutary effect on our knowledge of the California ant fauna. This includes taxonomic contributions by Bolton (1979), Brown (1950d, 1953g), Buren (1968b), Cole (1968), Creighton (1950a), Francoeur (1973), Gregg (1959, 1969b), Mackay (2000), Snelling (1970, 1973c, 1976, 1982a, 1982b, 1988, 1995a), Trager (1984b, 1991), Ward (1985b, 1999), Watkins (1976, 1985), Wilson (1955a, 2003) and Wing (1968a). Among the more useful publications for those seeking information about the ants of California are the regional treatments of the ants of Deep Canyon, Riverside County (Wheeler & Wheeler 1973e), the California deserts

References

  1. Adams, E.S. & Traniello, J.F.A. (1981) Chemical interference competition by Monomorium minimum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Oecologia (Berlin), 51, 265–270.

    Agosti, D. (1994b) The phylogeny of the ant tribe Formicini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with the description of a new genus. Systematic Entomology, 19, 93–117.

    Agosti, D. & Bolton, B. (1990b) New characters to differentiate the ant genera Lasius F. and Formica L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomologist’s Gazette, 41, 149–156.

    Alpert, G.D. & Akre, R.D. (1973) Distribution, abundance, and behavior of the inquiline ant Leptothorax diversipilosus. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 66, 753–760.

    Andersen, A. N., Blum, M. S. & Jones, T. H. (1991) Venom alkaloids in Monomoriumrothsteini” Forel repel other ants: is this the secret to success by Monomorium in Australian ant communities? Oecologia (Berlin), 88, 157–160.

    Anderson, C., Cremer, S. & Heinze, J. (2003) Live and let die: why fighter males of the ant Cardiocondyla kill each other but tolerate their winged rivals. Behavioral Ecology, 14, 54–62

    André, E. (1893b) Description de quatre espèces nouvelles de fourmis d’Amérique. Revue d’Entomologie (Caen), 12, 148–152.

    Arnett, R.H., Jr., Samuelson, G.A. & Nishida, G.M. (1993) The insect and spider collections of the world. Second edition. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, vi + 310 pp.

    Astruc, C., Malosse, C. & Errard, C. (2001) Lack of intraspecific aggression in the ant Tetramorium bicarinatum: a chemical hypothesis. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27, 1229–1248.

    Bakker, E.S. (1984) An island called California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, xii + 484 pp.

    Baroni Urbani, C. & de Andrade, M.L. (2003) The ant genus Proceratium in the extant and fossil record (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Monografie (Turin), 36, 1–492.

    Bennett, M. (2000) Systematics of the Nearctic granivore ant genus Veromessor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Davis.

    Berkelhamer, R.C. (1984) An electrophoretic analysis of queen number in three species of dolichoderine ants. Insectes Sociaux, 31, 132–141.

    Berndt, K.-P. & Eichler, W. (1987) Die Pharaoameise, Monomorium pharaonis (L.) (Hym., Myrmicidae). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 63, 3–186.

    Bolton, B. (1979) The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Malagasy region and in the New World. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology, 38, 129–181.

    Bolton, B. (1987) A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology, 54, 263–452.

    Bolton, B. (1988a) A new socially parasitic Myrmica, with a reassessment of the genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology, 13, 1–11.

    Bolton, B. (1994) Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 222 pp.

    Bolton, B. (1995b) A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 504 pp.

    Bolton, B. (1999) Ant genera of the tribe Dacetonini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Natural History, 33, 1639–1689.

    Bolton, B. (2000) The ant tribe Dacetini. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 65, 1–1028.

    Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 1–370.

    Borgmeier, T. (1955) Die Wanderameisen der neotropischen Region. Studia Entomologica, 3, 1–720.

    Boulton, A.M., Jaffee, B.A. & Scow, K.M. (2003) Effects of a common harvester ant (Messor andrei) on richness and abundance of soil biota. Applied Soil Ecology, 23, 257–265.

    Brady, S.G., Gadau, J. & Ward, P.S. (2000) Systematics of the ant genus Camponotus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a preliminary analysis using data from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I. In: Austin, A. D. & Dowton, M. (Eds), Hymenoptera. Evolution, biodiversity and biological control. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, pp. 131–139.

    Brown, M.J.F. (1999a) Nest relocation and encounters between colonies of the seed-harvesting ant Messor andrei. Insectes Sociaux, 46, 66–70.

    Brown, M.J.F. (1999b) Semi-claustral founding and worker behaviour in gynes of Messor andrei. Insectes Sociaux, 46, 194–195.

    Brown, M.J.F. & Human, K.G. (1997) Effects of harvester ants on plant species distribution and abundance in a serpentine grassland. Oecologia (Berlin), 112, 237–243.

    Brown, W.L., Jr. (1950d) Preliminary descriptions of seven new species of the dacetine ant genus Smithistruma Brown. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 76, 37–45.

    Brown, W.L., Jr. (1953g) Revisionary studies in the ant tribe Dacetini. American Midland Naturalist, 50, 1–137.

    Brown, W.L., Jr. (1955a) The ant Leptothorax muscorum (Nylander) in North America. Entomological News, 66, 43–50.

    Brown, W.L., Jr. (1957d) Is the ant genus Tetramorium native in North America? Breviora, 72, 1–8.

    Brown, W.L., Jr. (1958g) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. II. Tribe Ectatommini (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 118, 173–362.

    Brown, W.L., Jr. (1958j (“1957”)) Predation of arthropod eggs by the ant genera Proceratium and Discothyrea. Psyche (Cambridge), 64, 115.

    Brown, W.L., Jr. (1959f) The neotropical species of the ant genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: group of silvestrii Emery. Studia Entomologica, (n.s.)2, 25–30.

    Brown, W.L., Jr. (1960a) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. III. Tribe Amblyoponini (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 122, 143–230.

    Brown, W.L., Jr. (1967c) Studies on North American ants. II. Myrmecina. Entomological News, 78, 233–240.

    Brown, W.L., Jr. (1975) Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search. Agriculture (Ithaca, New York), 5(1), 1–115.

    Brown, W.L., Jr. (1980c (“1979”)) A remarkable new species of Proceratium, with dietary and other notes on the genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge), 86, 337–346.

    Brown, W.L., Jr. & Wilson, E.O. (1959b) The evolution of the dacetine ants. Quarterly Review of Biology, 34, 278–294.

    Bruder, K.W. & Gupta, A.P. (1972) Biology of the pavement ant, Tetramorium caespitum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65, 358–367.

    Buckley, S.B. (1866) Descriptions of new species of North American Formicidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 6, 152–172.

    Buckley, S.B. (1867) Descriptions of new species of North American Formicidae (continued from page 172). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 6, 335–350.

    Buczkowski, G., Vargo, E.L. & Silverman, J. (2004) The diminutive supercolony: the Argentine ants of the southeastern United States. Molecular Ecology, 13, 2235–2242.

    Buren, W.F. (1959 (“1958”)) A review of the species of Crematogaster, sensu stricto, in North America (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Part I. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 66, 119–134.

    Buren, W.F. (1968a) Some fundamental taxonomic problems in Formica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 3, 25–40.

    Buren, W.F. (1968b) A review of the species of Crematogaster, sensu stricto, in North America (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Part II. Descriptions of new species. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 3, 91–121.

    Buren, W.F. (1972) Revisionary studies on the taxonomy of the imported fire ants. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 7, 1–26.

    Buschinger, A. (1979a) Functional monogyny in the American guest ant Formicoxenus hirticornis (Emery) (= Leptothorax hirticornis), (Hym., Form.). Insectes Sociaux, 26, 61–68.

    Buschinger, A. (2003) Mating behavior in the ant, Myrmecina graminicola (Myrmicinae). Insectes Sociaux, 50, 295–296.

    Buschinger, A. & Heinze, J. (1993) Doronomyrmex pocahontas: not a workerless parasite but still an enigmatic taxon (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 40, 423–432.

    Buschinger, A. & Schreiber, M. (2002) Queen polymorphism and queen-morph related facultative polygyny in the ant, Myrmecina graminicola (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 49, 344–353.

    Cahan, S., Helms, K.R. & Rissing, S.W. (1998) An abrupt transition in colony founding behaviour in the ant Messor pergandei. Animal Behaviour, 55, 1583–1594.

    Carney, S.E., Byerley, M.B. & Holway, D.A. (2003) Invasive Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) do not replace native ants as seed dispersers of Dendromecon rigida (Papaveraceae) in California, USA. Oecologia (Berlin), 135, 576–582.

    Chen, Y., Hansen, L.D., Brown, J.J. (2002) Nesting sites of the carpenter ant, Camponotus vicinus (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in northern Idaho. Environmental Entomology, 31, 1037–1042.

    Clark, W.H., Blom, P.E. & Lowman, A.M. (1986) Contents of a nest of the desert ant, Pheidole grallipes Wheeler, in Baja California, México. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 62, 99–102.

    Cole, A.C., Jr. (1936b) Descriptions of seven new western ants. (Hymenop.: Formicidae). Entomological News, 47, 118–121.

    Cole, A.C., Jr. (1938b) A new ant from Idaho’s semidesert. American Midland Naturalist, 19, 678–681.

    Cole, A.C., Jr. (1954d) Studies of New Mexico ants. X. The genus Leptothorax (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 29, 240–241.

    Cole, A.C., Jr. (1956a) Studies of Nevada ants. II. A new species of Lasius (Chthonolasius) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 31, 26–27.

    Cole, A.C., Jr. (1956c) Observations of some members of the genus Pheidole in the southwestern United States with synonymy (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 31, 112–118.

    Cole, A.C., Jr. (1956d) In defense of the integrity of an ant. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 31, 212–214.

    Cole, A.C., Jr. (1956f) Studies of Nevada ants. III. The status of Formica nevadensis Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 31, 256–257.

    Cole, A.C., Jr. (1956g) Studies of Nevada ants. IV. Descriptions of sexual castes of three members of the rufa group of the genus Formica L. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 31, 257–260.

    Cole, A.C., Jr. (1958a) A remarkable new species of Lasius (Chthonolasius) from California (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 38, 75–77.

    Cole, A.C., Jr. (1958c) North American Leptothorax of the nitens-carinatus complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 51, 535–538.

    Cole, A.C., Jr. (1963a) A new species of Veromessor from the Nevada Test Site and notes on related species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 56, 678–682.

    Cole, A.C., Jr. (1966b) Ants of the Nevada Test Site. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin. Biological Series, 7(3), 1–27.

    Cole, A.C., Jr. (1968) Pogonomyrmex harvester ants. A study of the genus in North America. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee, x + 222 pp.

    Cook, T.W. (1953) The ants of California. Pacific Books, Palo Alto, California, 462 pp.

    Cover, S. & Deyrup, M. (2005) A new genus of ant from southwestern United States. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, in press.

    Creighton, W.S. (1930b) The New World species of the genus Solenopsis (Hymenop. Formicidae). Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 66, 39–151.

    Creighton, W.S. (1934) Descriptions of three new North American ants with certain ecological observations on previously described forms. Psyche (Cambridge), 41, 185–200.

    Creighton, W.S. (1940a) A revision of the North American variants of the ant Formica rufa. American Museum Novitates, 1055, 1–10.

    Creighton, W.S. (1940b) A revision of the forms of Stigmatomma pallipes. American Museum Novitates, 1079, 1–8.

    Creighton, W.S. (1950a) The ants of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 104, 1–585.

    Creighton, W.S. (1953a) New data on the habits of the ants of the genus Veromessor. American Museum Novitates, 1612, 1–18.

    Creighton, W.S. (1953b (“1952”)) Pseudomyrmex apache, a new species from the southwestern United States (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge), 59, 131–142.

    Creighton, W.S. (1954) Additional studies on Pseudomyrmex apache (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge), 61, 9–15.

    Creighton, W.S. (1955) Studies on the distribution of the genus Novomessor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge), 62, 89–97.

    Creighton, W.S. & Gregg, R. E. (1955) New and little-known species of Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. University of Colorado Studies. Series in Biology, 3, 1–46.

    Creighton, W. S. & Snelling, R. R. (1967 (“1966”)) The rediscovery of Camponotus (Myrmaphaenus) yogi Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge), 73, 187–195.

    Creighton, W. S. & Snelling, R. R. (1974) Notes on the behavior of three species of Cardiocondyla in the United States (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 82, 82–92.

    Cremer, S. & Heinze, J. (2003) Stress grows wings: environmental induction of winged dispersal males in Cardiocondyla ants. Current Biology, 13, 219–223.

    Cresson, E.T. (1865b) Catalogue of Hymenoptera in the collection of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, from Colorado Territory. [concl.] Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 4, 426–488.

    Cresson, E.T. (1872) Hymenoptera Texana. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 4, 153–292.

    Cuezzo, F. (2000) Revisión del género Forelius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae). Sociobiology, 35, 197–275.

    Davidson, D.W. (1977a) Species diversity and community organization in desert seed-eating ants. Ecology, 58, 711–724.

    Davidson, D.W. (1978) Size variability in the worker caste of a social insect (Veromessor pergandei Mayr) as a function of the competitive environment. American Naturalist, 112, 523–532.

    De Andrade, M.L. (1995) The ant genus Aphaenogaster in Dominican and Mexican amber (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. IX: Pheidolini). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie), 223, 1–11.

    De Andrade, M.L. (2003) First descriptions of two new amber species of Cyphomyrmex from Mexico and the Dominican Republic (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Beiträge zur Entomologie, 53, 131–139.

    De Andrade, M.L. & Baroni Urbani, C. (2003) The Baltic amber ant genus Bradoponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with description of two new species and a reassessment of the Proceratiini genera. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 110, 913–938.

    Degnan, P.H., Lazarus, A.B.; Brock, C.D. & Wernegreen, J.J. (2004) Host-symbiont stability and fast evolutionary rates in an ant-bacterium association: cospeciation of Camponotus species and their endosymbionts, Candidatus Blochmannia. Systematic Biology, 53, 95–110.

    Dejean, A. (1985b) Étude éco-éthologique de la prédation chez les fourmis du genre Smithistruma (Formicidae - Myrmicinae - Dacetini). II. Attraction des proies principales (collemboles). Insectes Sociaux, 32, 158–172.

    Dejean, A. (1987 (“1986”)) Étude du comportement de prédation dans le genre Strumigenys (Formicidae - Myrmicinae). Insectes Sociaux, 33, 388–405.

    Delabie, J.H.C. & Blard, F. (2002) The tramp ant Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae): new records from the southern hemisphere. Neotropical Entomology, 31, 149–151.

    De Vita, J. (1979) Mechanisms of interference and foraging amoung colonies of the harvester ant Pogonomyrmex californicus in the Mojave Desert. Ecology, 60, 729–737.

    Deyrup, M. (1991) Technomyrmex albipes, a new exotic ant in Florida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Florida Entomologist, 74, 147–148.

    Deyrup, M. & Cover, S. (2004) A new species of the ant genus Leptothorax from Florida, with a key to the Leptothorax of the southeast (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Florida Entomologist, 87, 51–59.

    Diniz-Filho, J.A.F. & Fowler, H.G. (1998) Honey ants (genus Myrmecocystus) macroecology: effect of spatial patterns on the relationship between worker body size and geographic range size. Environmental Entomology, 27, 1094–1101.

    Disney, R.H.L. (1982) Three new species of scuttle-fly (Diptera: Phoridae) that parasitize ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in North America. Journal of Zoology (London), 197, 473–481.

    Dlussky, G.M. (1967a) Ants of the genus Formica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, g. Formica). [In Russian.] Nauka Publishing House, Moskva, 236 pp.

    Douwes, P. & Stille, B. (1987) The use of enzyme electrophoresis in Leptothorax classification. In: Eder, J. & Rembold, H. (Eds.), Chemistry and biology of social insects. Verlag J. Peperny, München, pp. 29–30.

    DuBois, M.B. (1986) A revision of the native New World species of the ant genus Monomorium (minimum group) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 53, 65–119.

    DuBois, M.B. (1998) A revision of the ant genus Stenamma in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Sociobiology, 32, 193–403.

    DuBois, M.B. (2000) Monomorium minimum species group: gyne number and longevity (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological News, 111, 13–20.

    Duffield, R.M., Blum, M.S. & Wheeler, J.W. (1976) Alkyl pyrazine alarm pheromones in primitive ants with small colonial units. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B. Comparative Biochemistry, 54, 439–440.

    Duncan, F.D. & Lighton, J.R.B. (1994a) Water relations in nocturnal and diurnal foragers of the desert honeypot ant Myrmecocystus: implications for colony-level selection. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 270, 350–359.

    Duncan, F.D. & Lighton, J.R.B. (1994b) The burden within: the energy cost of load carriage in the honeypot ant, Myrmecocystus. Physiological Zoology, 67, 190–203.

    Emery, C. (1869b) Enumerazione dei formicidi che rinvengonsi nei contorni di Napoli con descrizioni di specie nuove o meno conosciute. Annali dell’Accademia degli Aspiranti Naturalisti. Secunda Era, 2, 1–26.

    Emery, C. (1893k) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der nordamerikanischen Ameisenfauna. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 7, 633–682.

    Emery, C. (1894b) Mission scientifique de M. Ch. Alluaud aux îles Séchelles (mars, avril, mai 1892). 2e mémoire. Formicides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 63, 67–72.

    Emery, C. (1894d) Studi sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. VI-XVI. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana, 26, 137–241.

    Emery, C. (1895d) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der nordamerikanischen Ameisenfauna. (Schluss). Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 8, 257–360.

    Emery, C. (1906c (“1905”)) Studi sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. XXVI. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana, 37, 107–194.

    Emery, C. (1921c) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part] Genera Insectorum, 174A, 1–94 + 7 plates.

    Evans, J.D. (1995) Relatedness threshold for the production of female sexuals in colonies of a polygynous ant, Myrmica tahoensis, as revealed by microsatellite DNA analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 6514–6517.

    Evans, J.D. (1996a) Queen longevity, queen adoption, and posthumous indirect fitness in the facultatively polygynous ant Myrmica tahoensis. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 39, 275–284.

    Evans, J.D. (1996b) Temporal and spatial variation in reproduction in the facultatively polygynous ant Myrmica tahoensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 43, 309–317.

    Fabricius, J. C. (1782 (“1781”)) Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma, auctorum loca natalia, metamorphosin adiectis observationibus, descriptionibus. Tome I. C. E. Bohn, Hamburgi et Kilonii [= Hamburg and Kiel], 552 pp.

    Fabricius, J.C. (1793) Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonimis, locis observationibus, descriptionibus. Tome 2. C. G. Proft, Hafniae [= Copenhagen], 519 pp.

    Fales, H.M., Blum, M.S., Crewe, R.M. & Brand, J.M. (1972) Alarm pheromones in the genus Manica derived from the mandibular gland. Journal of Insect Physiology, 18, 1077–1088.

    Fernández, F. (2005) Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, in press.

    Foerster, A. (1850a) Hymenopterologische Studien. 1. Formicariae. Ernst Ter Meer, Aachen, 74 pp.

    Foitzik, S., Heinze, J., Oberstadt, B. & Herbers, J.M. (2002) Mate guarding and alternative reproductive tactics in the ant Hypoponera opacior. Animal Behaviour, 63, 597–604.

    Fontenla, J.L. (2000) The genus Prenolepis Mayr, 1861 (Formicidae) in the Greater Antilles, with an outline of phylogenetic relationships. Caribbean Journal of Science, 36, 76–86.

    Forel, A. (1886b) Espèces nouvelles de fourmis américaines. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 30, xxxviii–xlix.

    Forel, A. (1890b) Fourmis de Tunisie et de l’Algérie orientale. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 34, lxi–lxxvi.

    Forel, A. (1893f) Nouvelles fourmis d’Australie et des Canaries. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 37, 454–466.

    Forel, A. (1893j) Formicides de l’Antille St. Vincent, récoltées par Mons. H. H. Smith. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1893, 333–418.

    Forel, A. (1899a) Heterogyna (Formicidae). Fauna Hawaiiensis, 1, 116–122.

    Forel, A. (1900h) Fourmis du Japon. Nids en toile. Strongylognathus Huberi et voisins. Fourmilière triple. Cyphomyrmex Wheeleri. Fourmis importées. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 10, 267–287.

    Forel, A. (1901j) Variétés myrmécologiques. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 334–382.

    Forel, A. (1901l) Fourmis termitophages, Lestobiose, Atta tardigrada, sous-genres d’Euponera. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 389–398.

    Forel, A. (1904b) Fourmis de British Columbia récoltées par M. Ed. Whymper. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 48, 152–155.

    Forel, A. (1908c) Fourmis de Costa-Rica récoltées par M. Paul Biolley. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 44, 35–72.

    Forel, A. (1914c) Einige amerikanische Ameisen. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1914, 615–620.

    Forel, A. (1914d) Formicides d’Afrique et d’Amérique nouveaux ou peu connus. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 50, 211–288.

    Francoeur, A. (1973) Révision taxonomique des espèces néarctiques du groupe fusca, genre Formica (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). Mémoires de la Société Entomologique du Québec, 3, 1–316.

    Francoeur, A. (1986b) Deux nouvelles fourmis néarctiques: Leptothorax retractus et L. sphagnicolus (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). Canadian Entomologist, 118, 1151–1164.

    Francoeur, A. (2005) Myrmica punctiventris and M. crassirugis species groups in the Nearctic Region. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, in press.

    Francoeur, A., Loiselle, R. & Buschinger, A. (1985) Biosystématique de la tribu Leptothoracini (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). 1. Le genre Formicoxenus dans la région holarctique. Naturaliste Canadien (Québec), 112, 343–403.

    Francoeur, A. & Snelling, R.R. (1979) Notes for a revision of the ant genus Formica. 2. Reidentifications for some specimens from the T. W. Cook collection and new distribution data (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Contributions in Science (Los Angeles), 309, 1–7.

    Gadau, J., Brady, S.G. & Ward, P.S. (1999) Systematics, distribution and ecology of an endemic California Camponotus quercicola (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 92, 514–522.

    Gamboa, G.J. (1975) Foraging and leaf-cutting of the desert gardening ant Acromyrmex versicolor versicolor (Pergande) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Oecologia (Berlin), 20, 103–110.

    Gamboa, G.J. (1976) Effects of temperature on the surface activity of the desert leaf-cutter ant, Acromyrmex versicolor versicolor (Pergande) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). American Midland Naturalist, 95, 485–491.

    Gordon, D.M. (1999) Ants at work. Free Press, New York, x + 182 pp.

    Gordon, D.M., Moses, L., Falkovitz-Halpern, M. & Wong, E. H. (2001) Effect of weather on infestation of buildings by the invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). American Midland Naturalist, 146, 321–328.

    Gorman, J.S.T., Jones, T.H., Spande, T.F., Snelling, R.R., Torres, J.A. & Garraffo, H.M. (1998) 3-Hexyl-5-methylindolizidine isomers from thief ants, Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) species. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 24, 933–943.

    Gösswald, K. (1989) Die Waldameise. Band 1. Biologische Grundlagen, Ökologie und Verhalten. AULA-Verlag, Wiesbaden, xi + 660 pp.

    Gösswald, K. (1990) Die Waldameise. Band 2. Die Waldameise im Ökosystem Wald, ihr Nutzen und ihre Hege. AULA-Verlag, Wiesbaden, x + 510 pp.

    Gotwald, W.H., Jr. (1995) Army ants: the biology of social predation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, xviii + 302 pp.

    Greenberg, L., Aliabadi, A., McElfresh, J.S., Topoff, H. & Millar, J.G. (2004) Sex pheromone of queens of the slave-making ant, Polyergus breviceps. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 30, 1297–1303.

    Gregg, R.E. (1950) A new species of Pheidole from the Southwest. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 58, 89–93.

    Gregg, R.E. (1955a) A new species of ant belonging to the Pheidole pilifera complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge), 62, 19–28.

    Gregg, R.E. (1959 (“1958”)) Key to the species of Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the United States. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 66, 7–48.

    Gregg, R.E. (1969b) New species of Pheidole from Pacific Coast islands (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological News, 80, 93–101.

    Groark, K.P. (2001) Taxonomic identity of “hallucinogenic” harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex californicus) confirmed. Journal of Ethnobiology, 21, 133–144.

    Gulmahamad, H. (1995) The genus Liometopum Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in California, with notes on nest architecture and structural importance. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 71, 82–86.

    Gulmahamad, H. (1997) Ecological studies on Cardiocondyla ectopia Snelling (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern California. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 73, 21–27.

    Haldeman, S.S. (1844) Descriptions of insects, presumed to be undescribed. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2, 53–55.

    Hansen, L.D. & Akre, R. D. (1985) Biology of carpenter ants in Washington State (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Camponotus). Melanderia, 43, i–v, 1–61.

    Hasegawa, E. (1998) Phylogeny and host-parasite relationships in social parasitism in Lasius ants. Entomological Science, 1, 133–135.

    Hasegawa, E., Tinaut, A. & Ruano, F. (2002) Molecular phylogeny of two slave-making ants: Rossomyrmex and Polyergus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici, 39, 267–271.

    Haskins, C.P. (1928) Notes on the behavior and habits of Stigmatomma pallipes Haldeman. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 36, 179–184.

    Heinze, J. (1989b) A biochemical approach toward the systematics of the Leptothoraxmuscorum” group in North America (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 17, 595–601.

    Heinze, J. (1991) Biochemical studies on the relationship between socially parasitic ants and their hosts. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 19, 195–206.

    Heinze, J. (1998 (“1995”)) The origin of workerless parasites in Leptothorax (s. str) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge), 102, 195–214.

    Heinze, J. (1999) Male polymorphism in the ant species Cardiocondyla minutior (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomologia Generalis, 23, 251–258.

    Heinze, J., Böttcher, A. & Cremer, S. (2004) Production of winged and wingless males in the ant, Cardiocondyla minutior. Insectes Sociaux, 51, 275–278.

    Heinze, J. & Hölldobler, B. (1993b) Fighting for a harem of queens: physiology of reproduction in Cardiocondyla male ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90, 8412–8414.

    Heinze, J., Stahl, M. & Hölldobler, B. (1996) Ecophysiology of hibernation in boreal Leptothorax ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Écoscience, 3, 429–435.

    Heller, N.E. (2004) Colony structure in introduced and native populations of the invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile. Insectes Sociaux, 51, 378–386.

    Helms Cahan, S. (2001) Ecological variation across a transition in colony-founding behavior in the ant Messor pergandei. Oecologia (Berlin), 129, 629–635.

    Helms Cahan, S., Parker, J.D., Rissing, S.W., Johnons, R.A., Polony, T.S., Weiser, M.D. & Smith, D.R. (2002) Extreme genetic differences between queens and workers in hybridizing Pogonomyrmex harvester ants. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B, 269, 1871–1877.

    Heterick, B.E. (2001) Revision of the Australian ants of the genus Monomorium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 15, 353–459.

    Hickman, J.C. (Ed.) (1993) The Jepson manual. Higher plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, xvii + 1400 pp.

    Hobbs, R. J. (1985) Harvester ant foraging and plant species distribution in annual grassland. Oecologia (Berlin), 67, 519–523.

    Hölldobler, B. (1976a) Recruitment behavior, home range orientation and territoriality in harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1, 3–44.

    Hölldobler, B. (1976b) Tournaments and slavery in a desert ant. Science (Washington, D. C.), 192, 912–914.

    Hölldobler, B. (1976c) The behavioral ecology of mating in harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Pogonomyrmex). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1, 405–423.

    Hölldobler, B. (1985 (“1984”)) A new exocrine gland in the slave raiding ant genus Polyergus. Psyche (Cambridge), 91, 225–235.

    Hölldobler, B. (1986) Food robbing in ants, a form of interference competition. Oecologia (Berlin), 69, 12–15.

    Holldobler, B. & Carlin, N.F. (1990 (“1989”)) Colony founding, queen control and worker reproduction in the ant Aphaenogaster (Novomessor) cockerelli (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge), 96, 131–151.

    Hölldobler, B., Oldham, N.J., Morgan, E.D. & König, W.A. (1995) Recruitment pheromones in the ants Aphaenogaster albisetosus and A. cockerelli (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 41, 739–744.

    Holway, D.A. (1998) Factors governing rate of invasion: a natural experiment using Argentine ants. Oecologia (Berlin), 115, 206–212.

    Holway, D.A. (1999) Competitive mechanisms underlying the displacement of native ants by the invasive Argentine ant. Ecology, 80, 238–251.

    Holway, D.A. & Suarez, A. V. (2004) Colony-structure variation and interspecific competitive ability in the invasive Argentine ant. Oecologia (Berlin), 138, 216–222.

    Holway, D.A., Suarez, A.V. & Case, T.J. (1998) Loss of intraspecific aggression in the success of a widespread social insect. Science (Washington, D. C), 282, 949–952.

    Holway, D.A., Suarez, A.V. & Case, T.J. (2002) Role of abiotic factors in governing susceptibility to invasion: a test with Argentine ants. Ecology, 83, 1610–1619.

    Human, K.G. & Gordon, D.M. (1996) Exploitation and interference competition between the invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, and native ant species. Oecologia (Berlin), 105, 405–412.

    Human, K.G. & Gordon, D.M. (1997) Effects of Argentine ants on invertebrate biodiversity in northern California. Conservation Biology, 11, 1242–1248.

    Hunt, J.H. & Snelling, R.R. (1975) A checklist of the ants of Arizona. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science, 10, 20–23.

    Ingram, K.K. & Gordon, D.M. (2003) Genetic analysis of dispersal dynamics in an invading population of Argentine ants. Ecology, 84, 2832–2842.

    Janda, M., Folková, D. & Zrzavý, J. (2004) Phylogeny of Lasius ants based on mitochondrial DNA and morphology, and the evolution of social parasitism in the Lasiini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 595-614.

    Johnson, C. (1989b) Taxonomy and diagnosis of Conomyrma insana (Buckley) and C. flava (McCook) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insecta Mundi, 3, 179–194.

    Johnson, R.A. (2000a) Seed-harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of North America: an overview of ecology and biogeography. Sociobiology, 36, 89–122 + 83–88.

    Johnson, R.A. (2000b) Seed harvesting species of Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 36, 597.

    Johnson, R.A. (2001) Biogeography and community structure of North American seed-harvesting ants. Annual Review of Entomology, 46, 1–29.

    Johnson, R.A. & Rissing, S.W. (1993) Breeding biology of the desert leaf-cutter ant Acromyrmex versicolor (Pergande) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 66, 127–128.

    Johnson, R.A. & Ward, P.S. (2002) Biogeography and endemism of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Baja California, Mexico: a first overview. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1009–1026.

    Jones, S.R. & Phillips, S.A., Jr. (1989) Superiority of Aphaenogaster occidentalis in confrontations with Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Entomological News, 100, 173–175.

    Jones, T.H., Blum, M.S. & Fales, H.M. (1982a) Ant venom alkaloids from Solenopsis and Monomorium species. Recent developments. Tetrahedron, 38, 1949–1958.

    Jones, T.H., Blum, M.S., Howard, R.W., McDaniel, C.A., Fales, H.M., DuBois, M.B. & Torres, J. (1982b) Venom chemistry of ants in the genus Monomorium. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 8, 285–300.

    Jourdan, H. (1997) Threats on Pacific islands: the spread of the tramp ant Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Conservation Biology, 3, 61–64.

    Julian, G.E. & Fewell, J.H. (2004) Genetic variation and task specialization in the desert leaf-cutter ant, Acromyrmex versicolor. Animal Behaviour, 68, 1–8.

    Kay, C.A.R. & Whitford, W.G. (1978) Critical thermal limits of desert honey ants: possible ecological implications. Physiological Zoology, 51, 206–213.

    Kempf, W.W. (1960a) Estudo sôbre Pseudomyrmex I. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 9, 5–32.

    Kempf, W.W. (1964d) A revision of the Neotropical fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr. Part I: Group of strigatus Mayr (Hym., Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 7, 1–44.

    Kempf, W.W. (1966 (“1965”)) A revision of the Neotropical fungus-growing ants of the genus Cyphomyrmex Mayr. Part II: Group of rimosus (Spinola) (Hym., Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 8, 161–200.

    Kistner, D.H., Jensen, E.A. & Jacobson, H.R. (2002) A new genus and two new species of myrmecophilous Staphylinidae found with Liometopum in California (Coleoptera; Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 39, 291–305.

    Knight, R.L. & Rust, M.K. (1990) The urban ants of California with distribution notes of imported species. Southwestern Entomologist, 15, 167–178.

    Knudtson, B. K. (1978) Intrapopulation genetic similarity in Pogonomyrmex californicus (Buckley) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 53, 78–80.

    Korzukhin, M.D., Porter, S.D., Thompson, L.C. & Wiley, S. (2001) Modeling temperature-dependent range limits for the fire ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the United States. Environmental Entomology, 30, 645–655.

    Kronauer, D.J.C., Gadau, J. & Hölldobler, B. (2003) Genetic evidence for intra- and interspecific slavery in honey ants (genus Myrmecocystus). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B, 270, 805–810.

    Kronauer, D.J.C., Hölldobler, B. & Gadau, J. (2004) Phylogenetics of the New World honey ants (genus Myrmecocystus) estimated from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 32, 416–421.

    Kugler, C. (1994) A revision of the ant genus Rogeria with description of the sting apparatus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 3, 17–89.

    Kugler, J. (1984 (“1983”)) The males of Cardiocondyla Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with the description of the winged male of Cardiocondyla wroughtoni (Forel). Israel Journal of Entomology, 17, 1–21.

    Kusnezov, N. (1951e) El género Pogonomyrmex Mayr (Hym., Formicidae). Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 11, 227–333.

    Lacau, S. & Delabie, J.H.C. (2002) Description de trois nouvelles espèces d’Amblyopone avec quelques notes biogéographiques sur le genre au Brésil (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 107, 33–41.

    Langen, T.A., Tripet, F. & Nonacs, P. (2000) The red and the black: habituation and the dear-enemy phenomenon in two desert Pheidole ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 48, 285–292.

    Latreille, P.A. (1802a) Histoire naturelle des fourmis, et recueil de mémoires et d’observations sur les abeilles, les araignées, les faucheurs, et autres insectes. Impr. Crapelet (chez T. Barrois), Paris, xvi + 445 pp.

    Lattke, J.E. (1991d) Studies of neotropical Amblyopone Erichson (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Contributions in Science (Los Angeles), 428, 1–7.

    Le Breton, J., Delabie, J.H.C., Chazeau, J., Dejean, A. & Jourdan, H. (2004) Experimental evidence of large-scale unicoloniality in the tramp ant Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger). Journal of Insect Behavior, 17, 263–271.

    Lei, S. A. (2000) Potential impacts of Pogonomyrmex rugosus on Larrea tridentata in southern California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 99, 174–176.

    Lenoir, A., Malosse, C. & Yamaoka, R. (1997) Chemical mimicry between parasitic ants of the genus Formicoxenus and their host Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 25, 379–389.

    Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. L. Salvii, Holmiae [= Stockholm], 824 pp.

    Lloyd, H.A., Blum, M.S., Snelling, R.R. & Evans, S.L. (1989) Chemistry of mandibular and Dufour’s gland secretions of ants in genus Myrmecocystus. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 15, 2589–2599.

    Loiselle, R., Francouer, A., Fischer, K. & Buschinger, A. (1990) Variations and taxonomic significance of the chromosome numbers in the Nearctic species of the genus Leptothorax (s.s) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera). Caryologia, 43, 321–334.

    Longcore, T. (2003) Terrestrial arthropods as indicators of ecological restoration success in coastal sage scrub (California, U.S.A.). Restoration Ecology, 11, 397–409.

    Longhurst, C., Baker, R. & Howse, P.E. (1980) A comparative analysis of mandibular gland secretions in the ant tribe Tetramoriini. Insect Biochemistry, 10, 107–112.

    Longino, J.T. (2003A) The Crematogaster (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) of Costa Rica. Zootaxa, 151, 1–150.

    Longino, J.T. & Fernández, F. (2005) A taxonomic review of the ant genus Wasmannia. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, in press.

    Lubin, Y.D. (1984) Changes in the native fauna of the Galápagos Islands following invasion by the little red fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 21, 229–242.

    Lynch, J.F., Balinsky, E.D. & Vail, S.G. (1980) Foraging patterns in three sympatric forest ant species, Prenolepis imparis, Paratrechina melanderi and Aphaenogaster rudis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ecological Entomology, 5, 353–371.

    MacArthur, A.A. (2005) A key to Camponotus Mayr of Australia. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, in press.

    MacKay, W.P. (1980) A new harvester ant from the mountains of southern California (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Southwestern Naturalist, 25, 151–156.

    MacKay, W.P. (1981) A comparison of the nest phenologies of three species of Pogonomyrmex harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge), 88, 25–74.

    MacKay, W.P. (1982) An altitudinal comparison of oxygen consumption rates in three species of Pogonomyrmex harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Physiological Zoology, 55, 367–377.

    MacKay, W.P. (1995) New distributional records for the ant genus Cardiocondyla in the New World (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 71, 169–172.

    MacKay, W.P. (1998) A remarkable new species of Paratrechina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the state of Colima, Mexico. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 74, 99–101.

    Mackay, W.P. (2000) A review of the New World ants of the subgenus Myrafant, (genus Leptothorax) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 36, 265–444.

    MacKay, W.P. & MacKay, E.E. (1989) Diurnal foraging patterns of Pogonomyrmex harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Southwestern Naturalist, 34, 213–218.

    Mackay, W. & Mackay, E. (2002) The ants of New Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York, 400 pp.

    Mallis, A. (1941) A list of the ants of California with notes on their habits and distribution. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 40, 61–100.

    Martinez, M.J. (1992) A new ant introduction for North America: Pheidole teneriffana (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 68, 153–154.

    Martinez, M.J. (1993) The first field record for the ant Tetramorium bicarinatum Nylander (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in California. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 69, 272–273.

    Martinez, M.J. (1995) The first record of mixed nests of Conomyrma bicolor (Wheeler) and Conomyrma insana (Buckley) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 71, 252.

    Martinez, M.J. (1996) The first North American record for the ant Pheidole fervens Fr. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 72, 171–172.

    Martinez, M.J. (1997) The first record of the ant Pheidole moerens Wheeler from the western United States (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 73, 46.

    Masuko, K. (1995 (“1994”)) Specialized predation on oribatid mites by two species of the ant genus Myrmecina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge), 101, 159–173.

    Mayr, G. (1868b) Formicidae novae Americanae collectae a Prof. P. de Strobel. Annuario della Società dei Naturalisti e Matematici, Modena, 3, 161–178.

    Mayr, G. (1868c) Die Ameisen des baltischen Bernsteins. Beiträge zur Naturkunde Preussens, 1, 1–102.

    Mayr, G. (1870b) Neue Formiciden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 20, 939–996.

    Mayr, G. (1886d) Die Formiciden der Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 36, 419–464.

    Mayr, G. (1887) Südamerikanische Formiciden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 37, 511–632.

    McCook, H.C. (1880 (“1879”)) Formicariae. In: Comstock, J.H., Report upon cotton insects. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 182–189.

    Meissner, H.E. & Silverman, J. (2001) Effects of aromatic cedar mulch on the Argentine ant and the odorous house ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 94, 1526–1531.

    Merickel, F.W. & Clark, W.H. (1994) Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus) and Liometopum luctuosum W.M. Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): new state records for Idaho and Oregon, with notes on their natural history. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 70, 148–158.

    Möglich, M. (1979) Tandem calling pheromone in the genus Leptothorax (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): behavioral analysis of specificity. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 5, 35–52.

    Morisita, M., Kubota, M., Onoyama, K., Ogata, K., Terayama, M., Kondoh, M. & Imai, H. T. (1989) A guide for the identification of Japanese ants. I. Ponerinae, Cerapachyinae, Pseudomyrmecinae, Dorylinae, and Leptanillinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). [In Japanese.] Myrmecological Society of Japan, Tokyo, 42 pp.

    Morisita, M., Kubota, M., Onoyama, K., Ogata, K., Terayama, M., Yamauchi, K., Sonobe, R., Kondoh, M. & Imai, H. T. (1991) A guide for the identification of Japanese ants. II. Dolichoderinae and Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). [In Japanese.] Myrmecological Society of Japan, Tokyo, 56 pp.

    Morisita, M., Kubota, M., Onoyama, K., Ogata, K., Terayama, M., Yamauchi, K., Sonobe, R., Yamane, S., Kondoh, M. & Imai, H.T. (1992) A guide for the identification of Japanese ants. III. Myrmicinae and supplement to Leptanillinae. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). [In Japanese.] Myrmecological Society of Japan, Tokyo, 94 pp.

    Morrison, L.W. (2002) Long-term impacts of an arthropod-community invasion by the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ecology, 83, 2337–2345.

    Mueller, U.G., Schultz, T.R., Currie, C.R., Adams, R.M.M. & Malloch, D. (2001) The origin of the attine ant-fungus mutualism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 76, 169–197.

    Murakami, T., Ohkawara, K. & Higashi, S. (2002) Morphology and developmental plasticity of reproductive females in Myrmecina nipponica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 95, 577–582.

    Newell, W. & Barber, T.C. (1913) The Argentine ant. United States Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Entomology. Bulletin, 122, 1–98.

    Nylander, W. (1846a) Adnotationes in monographiam formicarum borealium Europae. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, 2, 875–944.

    Nylander, W. (1846b) Additamentum adnotationum in monographiam formicarum borealium Europae. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, 2, 1041–1062.

    O’Dowd, D. J. & Hay, M. E. (1980) Mutualism between harvester ants and a desert ephemeral: seed escape from rodents. Ecology, 61, 531–540.

    Ogata, K., Murai, K., Yamauchi, K. & Tsuji, K. (1996) Size differentiation of copulatory organs between winged and wingless reproductives in the ant Technomyrmex albipes. Naturwissenschaften, 83, 331–333.

    O’Keefe, S.T., Cook, J.L., Dudek, T., Wunneburger, D.F., Guzman, M.D., Coulson, R.N. & Vinson, S.B. (2000) The distribution of Texas ants. Southwestern Entomologist Supplement, 22, 1–92.

    Olsen, O.W. (1934) Notes on the North American harvesting ants of the genus Pogonomyrmex Mayr. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 77, 493–514.

    Onoyama, K. & Yoshimura, M. (2002) The ants of the genus Proceratium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Japan. Entomological Science, 5, 29–49.

    Page, R.E., Jr. (1982) Polyandry in Brachymyrmex depilis Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 58, 258.

    Parker, J.D. & Rissing, S.W. (2002) Molecular evidence for the origin of workerless social parasites in the ant genus Pogonomyrmex. Evolution, 56, 2017–2028.

    Pergande, T. (1893) On a collection of Formicidae from Lower California and Sonora, Mexico. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, (2)4, 26–36.

    Pergande, T. (1896) Mexican Formicidae. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, (2)5, 858–896.

    Peters, J.M. (1997) Microsatellite loci for Pseudomyrmex pallidus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Molecular Ecology, 6, 887–888.

    Porter, S.D. & Savignano, D.A. (1990) Invasion of polygyne fire ants decimates native ants and disrupts arthropod community. Ecology, 71, 2095–2106.

    Provancher, L. (1881b) Faune canadienne. (Continué de la page 333) Naturaliste Canadien (Québec), 12, 353–362.

    Radchenko, A.G. (1994a) Taxonomic structure of the ant genus Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Eurasia. Report 1. [In Russian.] Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 73(6), 39–51.

    Radchenko, A.G. (1994d) Identification table for ants of the genus Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from central and eastern Palearctic. [In Russian.] Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 73(7–8), 130–145.

    Reichardt, A.K. & Wheeler, D.E. (1996) Multiple mating in the ant Acromyrmex versicolor: a case of female control. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 38, 219–225.

    Rissing, S.W. (1984) Replete caste production and allometry of workers in the honey ant, Myrmecocystus mexicanus Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 57, 347–350.

    Rissing, S.W., Johnson, R.A. & Pollock, G.B. (1986) Natal nest distribution and pleometrosis in the desert leaf-cutter ant Acromyrmex versicolor (Pergnade) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Cambridge), 93, 177–186.

    Rissing, S.W., Pollock, G.B. & Higgins, M.R. (1989) Foraging specialization without relatedness or dominance among co-founding ant queens. Nature (London), 338, 420–422.

    Rissing, S.W. & Wheeler, J. (1976) Foraging responses of Veromessor pergandei to changes in seed production (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 52, 63–72.

    Roger, J. (1859) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Ameisenfauna der Mittelmeerländer. I. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 3, 225–259.

    Roger, J. (1863a) Die neu aufgeführten Gattungen und Arten meines Formiciden-Verzeichnisses nebst Ergänzung einiger früher gegebenen Beschreibungen. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 7, 131–214.

    Ross, K.G. & Trager, J.C. (1991 (“1990”)) Systematics and population genetics of fire ants (Solenopsis saevissima complex) from Argentina. Evolution, 44, 2113–2134.

    Ryti, R.T. & Case, T.J. (1988) Field experiments of desert ants: testing for competition between colonies. Ecology, 69, 1993–2003.

    Sameshima, S., Hasegawa, E., Kitade, O., Minaka, N. & Matsumoto, T. (1999) Phylogenetic comparison of endosymbionts with their host ants based on molecular evidence. Zoological Science (Tokyo), 16, 993–1000.

    Sanders, N.J. & Gordon, D.M. (2002) Resources and the flexible allocation of work in the desert ant, Aphaenogaster cockerelli. Insectes Sociaux, 49, 371–379.

    Sanders, N.J., Barton, K.E. & Gordon, D.M. (2001) Long-term dynamics of the distribution of the invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, and native ant taxa in northern California. Oecologia (Berlin), 127, 123–130.

    Sanetra, M. & Buschinger, A. (2000) Phylogenetic relationships among social parasites and their hosts in the ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). European Journal of Entomology, 97, 95–117.

    Santschi, F. (1914a (“1913”)) Mélanges myrmecologiques. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 57, 429–437.

    Saporito, R.A., Garraffo, H.M., Donnelly, M.A., Edwards, A.L., Longino, J.T. & Daly, J.W. (2004) Formicine ants: an arthropod source for the pumiliotoxin alkaloids of dendrobatid poison frogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 8045–8050.

    Sauer, C., Stackebrandt, E., Gadau, J., Hölldobler, B. & Gross, R. (2000) Systematic relationships and cospeciation of bacterial endosymbionts and their carpenter ant host species: proposal of the new taxon Candidatus Blochmannia gen. nov. International Journal of Systematic & Evolutionary Microbiology, 50, 1877–1886.

    Savolainen, R. (1998) Evolution of social parasitism in Formica ants. [Abstract.] In: Schwarz, M. P. & Hogendoorn, K. (Eds), Social insects at the turn of the millenium. Proceedings of the XIII International Congress of IUSSI. Adelaide, Australia. 29 December 1998 - 3 January 1999. XIII Congress of IUSSI, Adelaide, p. 417.

    Savolainen, R. (2002) Phylogenetic relationships of Lasius, and the evolution of parasitic colony founding. [Abstract.] In: XIV International Congress of IUSSI. The Golden Jubilee Proceedings. 27 July - 3 August 2002, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. XIV International Congress of IUSSI, Sapporo, p. 159.

    Say, T. (1836) Descriptions of new species of North American Hymenoptera, and observations on some already described. Boston Journal of Natural History, 1, 209–305.

    Scheffrahn, R.H., Gaston, L.K., Sims, J.J. & Rust, M.K. (1984) Defensive ecology of F