Abstract
Two new species of the genus Trichuris (Nematoda: Trichuridae) parasitic in the old endemic murids of Indonesia are described: T. musseri sp. nov. from Echiothrix centrosa (Murinae: Rattini) in Sulawesi and T. mallomyos sp. nov. from Mallomys rothschildi (Murinae: Hydromyini) in Papua Indonesia. Both species are characterized by having a gradually tapered and sharply pointed distal end of the spicule, being readily distinguished from most of the congeners known from murid rodents. Trichuris musseri is readily distinguished from T. mallomyos by having a much smaller body and large number of nuclei per subdivision of stichosome. The resemblance in spicule morphology between the two new species is of special interest because both hosts belong to different tribes and have different habitats and habits. It remains to be elucidated whether the resemblance is merely homoplasy or actually reflects close phylogenetic relationship of the parasites.
References
Anderson, R.C. (2000) Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their Development and Transmission. 2nd ed. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, 650 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851994215.0000
Anderson, R.C. & Bain, O. (1982) No. 9. Keys to genera of the superfamilies Rhabditoidea, Dioctophymatoidea, Trichinelloidea and Muspiceoidea. In: Anderson, R.C., Chabaud, A.G. & Willmott, S. (Eds.), CIH Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, pp. 1–26.
Bernard, J. (1969) Quelques nématodes parasites nouveaux ou non encore signalés en Tunisie. Archives de l’Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 46, 397–400.
Callejón, R., Cutillas, C. & Nadler, S.A. (2015) Nuclear and mitochondrial genes for inferring Trichuris phylogeny. Parasitology Research, 114 (12), 4591–4599.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4705-7
Chabaud, A.G. (1974) No. 1. Keys to subclass, orders and superfamilies. In: Anderson, R.C., Chabaud, A.G. & Willmott, S. (Eds.), CIH Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, pp. 6–17.
Chandler, A.C. (1945) Trichuris species from California rodents. Journal of Parasitology, 31 (4), 248-286.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3273006Chandler, A.C. (1946) Trichuris peromysci n. sp. from Peromyscus californicus, and further notes on T. perognathi Chandler, 1945. Journal of Parasitology, 32 (2), 208.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3272598Dewi, K. & Purwaningsih, E. (2013) A checklist of nematode parasites from Indonesian murids. Zootaxa, 3608 (7), 531–546.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3608.7.1Doležalová, J., Oborník, M., Hajdusková, E., Jirku, M., Petrzelková, K.J., Bolechová, P., Cutillas, C., Callejón, R., Jaros, J., Beránková, Z. & Modry, D. (2015) How many species of whipworms do we share? Whipworms from man and other primates form two phylogenetic lineages. Folia Parasitologica, 62, 63.
https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2015.063Fabre, P.H., Pagés, M., Musser, G.G., Fitriana, Y.S., Fjeldså, J., Jennings, A., Jønssoni, K.A., Kennedy, J., Michaux, J., Semiadi, G. & Supriatna, N. (2013) A new genus of rodent from Wallacea (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae: Rattini), and its implication for biogeography and Indo-Pacific Rattini systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169 (2), 408–447.
https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12061Feliu, C., Spakulová, M., Casanova, J.C., Renaud, F., Morand, S., Hugot, J.P., Santalla, F. & Durand, P. (2000) Genetic and morphological heterogeneity in small rodent whipworm in southwestern Europe: Characterization of Trichuris muris and description of Trichuris arvicolae n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichuridae). Journal of Parasitology, 86 (3), 442–449.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3284855
Flannery, T.F., Aplin, K., Groves, C.P. & Adams, M. (1989) Revision of the New Guinean genus Mallomys (Muridae: Rodentia), with descriptions of two new species from subalpine habitats. Records of the Australian Museum, 41 (1), 83–105.
https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.41.1989.137
Hasegawa, H., Dewi, K. & Asakawa, M. (2014) Musserakis sulawesiensis gen. et sp. n. (Nematoda: Heterakidae) collected from Echiothrix centrosa (Rodentia: Muridae), an old endemic rat of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Zootaxa, 3881 (2), 155–164.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3881.2.4
Hasegawa, H. & Syafruddin (1994) Odilia mallomyos sp. n. (Nematoda: Heligmonellidae) from Mallomys rothschildi weylandi (Rodentia: Muridae) of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 61 (2), 208–214.
Hasegawa, H. & Syafruddin (1995) Nematode fauna of the two sympatric rats, Rattus rattus and R. exulans, in Kao District, Halmahera Island, Indonesia. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 62 (1), 27–31.
Johnson, S. (1973) A new trichurid nematode from the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica indica. Folia Parasitologica, 20 (3), 275–277.
Mackerras, M.J. (1958) Catalogue of Australian mammals and their recorded internal parasites. I-IV. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 83 (2), 101–160.
Musser, G.G. (1981) The giant rat of Flores and its relatives east of Borneo and Bali. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 169 (2), 67–176.
Musser, G.G. (1987) The mammals of Sulawesi. In: Whitmore, T.C. (Ed.), Biogeographical Evolution of the Malay Archipelago. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 73–93.
Musser, G.G. & Carleton, M.D. (2005) Order Rodentia. In: Wilson, E.D. & Reeder, D.M. (Eds.), Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Vol. 2. 3rd Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 895–1531.
Musser, G.G. & Durden, L. (2014) Morphological and geographic definitions of the Sulawesian shrew rats Echiothrix leucura and E. centrosa (Muridae, Murinae), and description of a new species of sucking louse (Phthiraptera: Anoplura). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 391, 1–87.
https://doi.org/10.1206/871.1
Petrov, A.M. & Potekhina, L.F. (1953) A new species Trichocephalus spalacis nov. sp. from a mole rat. Trudy Instituta Gelmintologii, 5, 95–98. [in Russian]
Quentin, J.C. (1966) Trichuroidea de rongeurs de République Centralafricaine. Cahiers de la Maboké, 4, 141–150.
Ribas, A., López, S., Makundi, R.H., Leirs, H. & Bellocq, J.G. (2013) Trichuris spp. (Nematoda: Trichuridae) from two rodents, Mastomys natalensis and Gerbilliscus vicinus in Tanzania. Journal of Parasitology, 99 (5), 868–875.
https://doi.org/10.1645/12-151.1
Robles, M.R. (2011) New species of Trichuris (Nematoda: Trichuridae) from Akodon montensis Thomas, 1913, of the Paranaense forest in Argentina. Journal of Parasitology, 97 (2), 319–327.
https://doi.org/10.1645/ge-2434.1
Robles, M.R., Cutillas, C., Panei, C.J. & Callejón, R. (2014) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new Trichuris species (Nematoda- Trichuridae), and phylogenetic relationships of Trichuris species of cricetid rodents from Argentina. PLoS ONE, 9, e112069.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112069Rowe, K.C., Achmadi, A.S. & Esselstyn, J.A. (2016) Repeated evolution of carnivory among Indo-Australian rodents. Evolution, 70 (3), 653–665.
https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12871Sadighian, A., Ghadirian, E. & Sadjadpour, E. (1974) Two new species of nematodes of lagomorphs and rodents from Iran. Journal of Helminthology, 48 (4), 241–245.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X00022926Skrjabin, K.I., Shikhobalova, N.P. & Orlov, I.V. (1957) Essentials of Nematodology. 6. Trichocephalidae and Capillariidae of Animals and Man and the Diseases Caused by Them. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1970, 599 pp. [translated from Russian]
Smales, L.R. (1997) A review of the helminth parasites of Australian rodents. Australian Journal of Zoology, 45 (5), 505–521.
https://doi.org/10.1071/zo97013
Smales, L.R. (2005) Helminth parasites of the grassland melomys (Muridae: Hydromyinae) from Australia and Papua New Guinea. Australian Journal of Zoology, 53 (6), 369-374.
https://doi.org/10.1071/zo05039
Smales, L.R. (2012) Chapter 6. Helminth parasites of hydromyine rodents from the Island of New Guinea. In: Triunveri, A. & Scalise, D. (Eds.), Rodents. Nova Science Publisher, New York, 99–117.
Smales, L.R. (2013) Nematodes from the caecum and colon of Pogonomys (Muridae: Anisomyini) from Papua New Guinea with the description of a new genus of Oxyuridae (Nematoda: Oxyurida) and a new species of Trichuridae (Nematoda: Enoplida). Zootaxa, 3599 (6), 577–587.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3599.6.6
Smales, L.R. & Cribb, T.H. (1997) Helminth parasite communities of the water rat, Hydromys chrysogaster, from Queensland. Wildlife Research, 24 (4), 445–457.
https://doi.org/10.1071/WR96074
Smales, L.R. & Spratt, D.M. (2004) Helminth community structure in Rattus leucopus (Gray) (Muridae) from Australia, Papua New Guinea and Papua. Australian Journal of Zoology, 52 (3), 283–291.
https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO03051
Smales, L.R. & Spratt, D.M. (2008) Helminth assemblages of Uromys spp. (Muridae: Hydromyinae) from Australia, Papua New Guinea and Papua Indonesia and comparison with assemblages in Melomys spp. Australian Journal of Zoology, 56 (2), 85–94.
https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO08011
Suyanto, A., Yoneda, M., Maryanto, I., Maharadatunkamsi & Sugardjito, J. (1998) Checklist of the Mammals of Indonesia. LIPI–JICA Joint Project for Biodiversity Conservation in Indonesia. LIPI, Bogor, 34 pp.
Tenora, F. (1969) Parasitic nematodes of certain rodents from Afghanistan. Věstník Československé Společnosti Zoologické, 33 (2), 174–192.
Wiroreno, W. (1978) Nematode parasites of rats in West Java, Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 9 (4), 520–525.
Wright, K.A. (1978) Structure and function of the male copulatory apparatus of the nematodes Capillaria hepatica and Trichuris muris. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 56 (4), 651–662.
https://doi.org/10.1139/z78-093