Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2016-07-06
Page range: 247–308
Abstract views: 50
PDF downloaded: 2

Morphology of the immature female stages and the wax test of ten species of Ceroplastes (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae: Ceroplastinae) from Brazil

Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, UFSCar, Caixa Postal 676, 13565-905, São Carlos-SP, Brazil.
Departamento de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Jaboticabal-SP, 14884-900.
Department of Biodiversity and Biological Systematics, The National Museum of Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF 10 3NP, Wales.
Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, UFSCar, Caixa Postal 676, 13565-905, São Carlos-SP, Brazil.
Hemiptera wax scale soft scale taxonomy morphology female nymphs

Abstract

This paper describes the development of the waxy test and the microscopic characters of the three female nymphal instars of Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock, C. diospyros Hempel, C. floridensis Comstock, C. flosculoides Matile-Ferrero, C. formicarius Hempel, C. formosus Hempel, C. grandis Hempel, C. iheringi Cockerell, C. lucidus Hempel, and C. stellifer (Westwood). The discussion compares their morphology and divides the species into three groups according to the pattern of their dermal and wax characters.

 

References

  1. Amitai, S. (1969) Morphological identifications of the stages of the Florida Wax Scale—Ceroplastes floridensis Comst. (Coccoidea). Israel Journal of Entomology, IV, 89–95.

    Bedford, E.C.G. (1968) The biology of Ceroplastes sinoiae Hall, with special reference to the ecdysis and the morphology of the test. Entomology Memoirs. Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Republic of South Africa, 14, 1–111.

    Camporese, P. & Pellizzari, G. (1994) Description of the immature stages of Ceroplastes japonicus Green (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, Series II, 26, 49–58.

    Cilliers, C.J. (1967) A comparative biological study of three Ceroplastes species (Hem. Coccoidea) and their natural enemies. Entomology Memoirs. Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Republic of South Africa, 13, 1–59.

    García, M., Denno, B., Miller, D.R., Miller, G.L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N.B. (2016) ScaleNet: A Literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. http://scalenet.info (accessed 18 Jun. 2016)

    Gimpel, W.F. Jr., Miller, D.R. & Davidson, J.A. (1974) A systematic revision of the wax scales genus Ceroplastes in the United States (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). University of Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous Publications, 841, 1–85.

    Granara de Willink, M.C. (1989) Conociendo nuestra fauna I. Superfamilia Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha). Serie Monográfica y Didáctica, nº 6. Facultad de Ciencias Nauturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, 43 pp.

    Hodges, S.G. & Williams, M.L. (2003a) Descriptions and illustrations of the first instar of Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) and Parthenolecanium quercifex (Fich) (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Journal of Entomological Science, 38 (4), 489–493.

    Hodges, S.G. & Williams, M.L. (2003b) Descriptions and illustrations of the first instar nymphs of the Cardiococcinae (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Journal of Entomological Science, 38 (4), 494–501.

    Hodgson, C.F. & Peronti, A.L.B.G. (2012) A revision of the wax scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Ceroplastinae) of the Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa, 3372, 1–265.

    Howell, J.O. & Tippins, H.H. (1990) The immature stages. In: Rosen, D. (Ed.), Armored Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 29–42.

    Kawai, S. & Tamaki, Y. (1967) Morphology of Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green with special reference to the wax secretion. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2 (3), 133–146.

    Kondo, T. & Williams, M.L. (2004) A new species of myrmecophilous soft scale insect from Colombia in the genus Akermes Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Revista Colombiana de Entomologia, 30 (2), 137–141.

    Kondo, T. (2006) A new African soft scale genus, Pseudocribrolecanium gen. nov. (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), erected for two species, including the citrus pest P. andersoni (Newstead) comb. nov. Journal of Insect Science, 6 (1), 1–16.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/1536-2442(2006)6[1:ANASSG]2.0.CO;2

    Kozár, F. & Miller, D.R. (2000) World revision of Ortheziola Šulc (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Ortheziidae) with descriptions of eleven new species. Systematic Entomology, 25, 15–45.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3113.2000.00090.x

    Marín-Loayza, R. & Cisneros-Vera, F. (1994) El género Ceroplastes Gray (Homoptera: Coccidae) en el Perú: estudio taxonómico. Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 41–54.

    Pelizzari, G. (2013) Three new species in the subfamily Eriopeltinae Šulc from Italy (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Coccidae) with comments on the genus Lecanopsis. Zootaxa, 3635 (2), 101–116.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3635.2.1

    Pellizzari, G., Rainato, A. & Stathas, G.J. (2010) Description of the immature female instars of Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Zootaxa, 2556, 40–50.

    Peronti, A.L.B.G., Sousa-Silva, C.R. & Granara de Willink, M.C. (2008) Revisão das espécies de Ceroplastinae Atkinson (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Coccidae) do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52 (2), 139–181.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000200001

    Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J. (1994) Taxonomy of the Wax Scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae: Ceroplastinae) in Australia. Invertebrate taxonomy, 8, 923–959.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/IT9940923

    Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J. (1995) A cladistics analysis of wax scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae: Ceroplastinae). Systematic Entomology, 20, 289–308.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1995.tb00098.x

    Qin, T.K., Gullan, P.J. & Beattie, G.A.C. (1998) Biogeography of the wax scales (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae: Ceroplastinae). Journal of Biogeography, 25, 37–45.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1998.251178.x

    Rainato, A. & Pellizzari, G. (2008) Redescription of the adult male and description of second-instar male, prepupa and pupa of Ceroplastes japonicus Green (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Zootaxa, 1895, 25–38.

    Rainato, A. & Pellizzari, G. (2010). The adult male and male nymphal instars of Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Zootaxa, 2357, 50–62.

    Ray Jr, C.H. & Williams, M.L. (1982) Descriptions of the immature stages of Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Coccidae). Florida Entomologist, 65 (1), 169–176.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3494158

    Rosa, K.C.C., Peronti, A.L.B.G & Sousa-Silva, C.R. (2011) Description of the immature female stages of Ceroplastes janeirensis (Gray) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) with special reference to the development of the wax test. Zootaxa, 2808, 18–30.

    Silvestri, F. (1920) Descrizione e notizie del Ceroplastes sinensis D. Guerc. (Hemiptera, Coccidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria, 14, 3–17.

    Silvestri, F. & Martelli, G. (1908) La Cocciniglia del fico (Ceroplastes rusci L.). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria, 2, 297–358.

    Stoetzel, M.B. & Davidson, J.A. (1974) Biology, morphology and taxonomy of immature stages of 9 species in the Aspidiotini (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 67 (3), 475–509.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/67.3.475

    Stumpf, C.F. & Lambdin, P.L. (2002) Distribution and phylogenetic relationships of native and introduced pit scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Asterolecaniidae) in North and South America. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura (Milano), 33 (3), 139–150.

    Tang, F.D. (1991) The Coccidae of China. Shanxi United Universities Press, Taiyuan, 466 pp.

    Vea, I. & Grimaldi, D.A. (2012) Phylogeny of ensign scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Ortheziidae) based on the morphology of recent and fossil females. Systematic Entomology, 37, 758–783.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00638.x

    Wakgari, W.M. & Giliomee, J.H. (1998) Description of the stages of the white wax-scale, Ceroplastes destructor Newstead (Homoptera: Coccidae). African Entomology, 6 (2), 303–316.

    Xie, Y. & Xue, J. (2005) Ultra-morphology and chemical composition of waxes secreted by two wax scale insects, Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) and C. japonicus Green (Homoptera: Coccidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 48 (6), 837–848.

    Xie, Y., Xue, J. & Zhang, L. (2004) The infrared spectra of the wax secretions of four wax scales and its significance in systematics (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Proceedings of the Xth International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies, Adana, Turkey, 19–23 April, 2004, 135–145.