Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Articles
Published: 2005-12-08
Page range: 35–43
Abstract views: 47
PDF downloaded: 6

A simple solution for accurate measuring of long and contorted ovipositors in pinned specimens of Hymenoptera

Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Departamento de Biologia, Avenida Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, Vitória, ES, Brazil, 29040-090
Hymenoptera Measurement parasitoid ratio straightening Gasteruptiidae Ichneumonidae Stephanidae

Abstract

Practical problems exist when measuring long ovipositors that are strongly curved or twisted. A simple, effective and practically costless method is proposed to straighten curved ovipositors of pinned, dry specimens of Hymenoptera. The method holds the ovipositor, but not its sheaths, with a piece of adhesive tape fixed to a pin. A separate pin is then used as a lever to move the pin with the tape, pull and straighten the ovipositor, and hold the entire contraption in position. The method is tested with species of Stephanidae, Ichneumonidae and Gasteruptiidae, and defended as the best choice in relation to conventional as well as other unpublished possibilities, all summarized.

References

  1. Achterberg, C. van (1986) The oviposition behaviour of parasitic Hymenoptera with very long ovipositors (Ichneumonoidea: Braconidae). Entomologische Berichten, 46(8), 113–115.

    Achterberg, C. van (2002) A revision of the Old World species of Megischus Brullé, Stephanus Jurine and Pseudomegischus gen. nov., with a key to the genera of the family Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Stephanoidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 339, 1–206.

    Aguiar, A.P. (1998) Revisão do gênero Hemistephanus Enderlein, 1906 (Hymenoptera: Stephanidae), com considerações metodológicas. Revista brasileira de Entomologia, 41(24), 343–429.

    Belshaw, R., Grafen, A. & Quicke, D.L.J. (2003) Inferring life history from ovipositor morphology in parasitoid wasps using phylogenetic regression and discriminant analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 139(2), 213–228.

    Elliott, E.A. (1922) Monograph of the hymenopterous family Stephanidae. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London, 92, 705–831.

    Gauld, I.D. (1984) An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History), London, England. Publication No. 895. 413 pp.

    Gauld, I.D. (1991) The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 1. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 47, 1–589.

    Gauld, I.D. (1997) The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 2. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 57, 1–485.

    Gupta, S. and Gupta, V.K. (1983) Ichneumonologia Orientalis, Part IX. The tribe Gabuniini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Oriental Insects Monographs, 10, 1–313.

    Hanson, P.E & Gauld, I.D., eds. (1995) The Hymenoptera of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press, London, 893 pp.

    Iwata, K. (1960) The comparative anatomy of the ovary of Hymenoptera. Part V. Ichneumonidae. Acta Hymenopterologica, 1, 115–169.

    Jennings, J.T. & Austin, A.D. (1997) Revision of the Australian endemic genus Hyptiogaster Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Gasteruptiidae), with descriptions of seven new species. Journal of Natural History, 31, 1533–1562.

    LaSalle, J. & Gauld, I.D., eds. (1993) Hymenoptera and Biodiversity. CAB International, United Kingdom. 348 pp.

    Leathers, J.W. & Sharkey, M.J. (2003) Taxonomy and life history of Costa Rican Alabagrus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with a key to world species. Contibutions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 497, 1–82.

    Porter, C.C. (1967) A revision of the South‑American species of Trachysphyrus. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 10, 1–368.

    Price, P.W. (1973) Reproductive strategies in parasitoid wasps. The American Naturalist, 107 (957), 684–693.

    Quicke, D.L.J., Fitton, M.G., Tunstead, J.R., Ingram, S.N. & Gaitens, P.V. (1994) Ovipositor sturcture and relationships within the Hymenoptera, with special reference to the Ichneumonoidea. Journal of Natural History, 28, 635–682.

    Quicke, D.L.J., Wyeth, P., Fawke, J.D., Basibuyuk, H.H., & Vincent, J.F.V. (1998) Manganese and zinc in the ovipositors and mandibles of hymenopterous insects. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 124, 387–396.

    Shaw, S.R. (1990) A taxonomic revision of the long-tailed wasps of the genus Megalyra Westwood (Hymenoptera: Megalyridae). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 4, 1005–1052.

    Sivinski, J. & Aluja, M. (2001) The evolution of ovipositor length in the parasitic Hymenoptera and the search for predictability in biological control. Florida Entomologist, 86(2), 143–150.

    Sivinski, J., Vulinec, K. & Aluja, M. (2001) Ovipositor length in a guild of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) attacking Anastrepha spp. fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in southern Mexico. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 94(6), 886–895.

    Smith, D.R. (1996) Aulacidae (Hymenoptera) in the mid-Atlantic States, with a key to species of eastern North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 98(2), 274–291.

    Smith, E.L. (1969) Evolutionary morphology of external insect genitalia. 1. Origin and relationships to other appendages. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 10511079.

    Smith, E.L. (1970) Evolutionary morphology of external insect genitalia. 2. Hymenoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63, 1–27.

    Snodgrass, R.E. (1935) Principles of Insect Morphology. McGraw-Hill, New York. 667 pp.

    Townes, H.K. (1969) The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 1. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 11, 1–300.

    Townes, H.K. (1970a) The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 2. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 12, 1–537.

    Townes, H.K. (1970b) The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 3. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 13, 1–307.

    Townes, H.K. (1971) The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 4. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 17, 1–372.

    Townes, H.K. (1975) The parasitic Hymenoptera with the longest ovipositors, with description of two new Ichneumonidae. Entomological News, 86(56), 123–127.

    Vilhelmsen, L. (2003) Flexible ovipositor sheaths in parasitoid Hymenoptera (Insecta). Arthropod Structure and Development, 32, 277–287.

    Yu, D.S. & Horstmann, K. (1997) A catalogue of world Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 58, 1–1558.