Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Monograph
Published: 2008-09-03
Page range: 1–74
Abstract views: 43
PDF downloaded: 2

Characterisation of the Larvae of Australian Nacophorini

School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 78, GPO Hobart, 7001 current address: Department of Primary Industries, and Water, 13 St Johns Ave., New Town, Tasmania, 7008
Lepidoptera Australia Ennominae Geometridae larva morphology Nacophorini taxonomy

Abstract

The Australian Nacophorini and related taxa are described using 43 larval morphological characters. A selection of these characters were used previously for a morphological phylogeny of the Australian Ennominae together with characters of the ova and adults. The larvae of 67 species are illustrated using photographs and setal maps. On this basis, tentative comparisons are made between the Australian Nacophorini and the world fauna.

References

  1. Boisduval, J. & Guenée, A. (1857) Uranides et Phalénites. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Species general des Lepidoptres. In Boisduval, J. A. & Guenée, A. (Eds.), Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris. 584 pp. 24 pls.

    Brown, A.W. (1941) Foliage insects of spruce in Canada. Canadian Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 31, 29.

    Choi, S.W. (1997) A phylogenetic study on genera of Cidariini from the Holarctic and the Indo-Australian areas (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae). Systematic Entomology, 22, 287–312.

    Common, I.F.B. (1990) Moths of Australia. E.J. Brill and Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

    Comstock, J.A. (1937) Miscellaneous Notes on Western Lepidoptera. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 36, 111–125.

    Comstock, J.A. (1959a) Notes on the early stages of Phaeoura cristifera Hulst. (Lepidoptera; Geometridae). Bulletin of the Society of California Academy of Sciences, 58, 101–106.

    Comstock, J.A. (1959b) Brief notes on four Arizona moths. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 58, 38–44.

    Comstock, J.A. (1963) Notes on the early stages of two Californian geometrids. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 1, 195–200.

    Cordingley, C.L. & Dantharayana, W. (1976) The Lepidoptera fauna of Capeweed (Arctotheca calendula) in Victoria with keys for larval identification. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 15, 19–34.

    Crumb, S.E. (1956) The Larvae of the Phalaenidae. Technical Bulletin No. 1135. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

    Dewey, J.E. (1972) A Pine Looper, Phaeoura mexicanaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), in southeastern Montana with notes on its biology. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65, 306–309.

    Dugdale, J.S. (1961) Larval characters of taxonomic significance of New Zealand Ennomines (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 16, 215–233.

    Duke, A.J.H. & Duke, N.J.S. (1988) Life cycle of a little-known south African geometer moth, Callioratis abraxas Felder (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa, 51, 144–146.

    Dyar, H.G. (1894) A Classification of Lepidopterous Larvae. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 8, 194–232.

    Dyar, H.G. (1899) Life histories of North American Geometridae. Psyche (Cambridge), 8, 386–387, 395–396, 407–408, 415–416, 429, 438.

    Dyar, H.G. (1901) Life histories of North American Geometridae. Psyche (Cambridge), 9, 130–131.

    Dyar, H.G. (1901) Life histories of North American Geometridae. Psyche (Cambridge), 9, 226–227.

    Dyar, H.G. (1903) Life histories of North American Geometridae. Psyche (Cambridge), 10, 190–191, 195–200.

    Dyar, H.G. (1904) Life histories of North American Geometridae. Psyche (Cambridge), 11, 121.

    Dyar, H.G. (1907) Life histories of North American Geometridae. Psyche (Cambridge), 14, 92–94.

    Dyar, H.G. (1907) Life histories of North American Geometridae. Psyche (Cambridge), 14, 190–191, 195–200.

    Dyar, H.G. (1912) Descriptions of new species and genera of Lepidoptera, chiefly from Mexico. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 42, 39–106.

    Dyar, H.G. (1924) New Lepidoptera from Mexico and one from Argentina. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 12 (1–3), 15–21.

    Engel, H. (1908) Early stages of North American moths. The Canadian Entomologist, 40, 120–124.

    Ferguson, D.C. (1969) A revision of the moths of the subfamily Geometrinae of America, north of Mexico (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Yale University Bulletin, 29.

    Ferguson, D.C. (1985) Geometroidea Geometridae (Part). The Moths of America North of Mexico Including Greenland. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C.

    Forbes, W.T.M. (1910) A structural study of some caterpillars. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 68, 729 pp.

    Forbes, W.T.M. (1923) Lepidoptera of New York and neighbouring states, 1. Primitive forms, Microlepidoptera, Pyraloids, Bombyces. Memoirs of the Cornell University Agricultural Experimental Station, 3, 1–729.

    Forbes, W.T.M. (1948) Lepidoptera of New York and neighbouring states, 2. Memoirs of the Cornell University agricultural Experimental Station. 274 pp.

    Fracker, S.B. (1915) The classification of the lepidopterous larvae. Illinois Biological Monographs, 2.

    Franclemont, J.G. (1967) Identity of Ceratonyx satanaria, and the larva and pupa of C. arizonensis (Geometridae, Ennominae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 21, 11–14.

    Gerasimov, A.M. (1935) Zur Frage der Homodynamie der Borsten von Schmetterlingsraupen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 112, 177–194.

    Grant, J. (1962) Phaeoura mexicanaria (Grote) in British Columbia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 59, 56.

    Guenée, A. (1857) Uranides et Phalenites II. in Histoire naturelle des insectes. Species general des Lepidoptres. In Boisduval J. A and Guenee, A. (Eds.), Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 584 pp. 24 pls.

    Hashimoto, S. (1982) Immature stages of four Japanese Trichopterygini. Tinea, 2, 99–112.

    Hashimoto, S. (1986) Immature stages of Heterophleps fusca fusca (Butler). Tinea, 12, 81–84.

    Hashimoto, S. (1991) The immature stages of Japanese species of the genus Episteira Warren (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Natural History Research, 1, 59–64.

    Hausmann, A. (2001) The Geometrid Moths of Europe, Volume 1, Apollo Books, Stenstrup.

    Heinrich, C. (1916) On the taxonomic value of some larval characters in the Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 18, 154–164.

    Heitzman, R.L. (1981) Description of the Mature Larva and Notes on Holochroa Dissociaria (Hulst) (Geometridae: Ennominae) Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 35, 290–296.

    Heitzman, R.L. (1985) Systematic study of the mature larvae of the Nearctic Ennomini and related tribes (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Maryland, Maryland.

    Hinton, H.E. (1946) On the homology and nomenclature of the setae of lepidopterous larvae, with some notes on the phylogeny of the Lepidoptera. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 97, 1–37.

    Holloway, J.D. (1994) The Moths of Borneo Part 11. Family Geometridae, Subfamily Ennominae, Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.

    Holloway, J.D. (1997) The moths of Borneo: family Geometridae, subfamilies Sterrhinae and Larentiinae. Malayan Nature Journal, 51, 242 pp.

    Kitching, I.J. (1985) Early stages and the classification of the milkweed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danainae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 85, 1–97.

    Kitching, I.J. & Rawlins, J.E. (1999) The Noctuoidea, pp. 355–402. In: Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology, Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta. Lepidotera, Moths and Butterflies, Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics and Biogeography. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.

    Kristensen, N.P. (1991) Phylogeny of extant hexapods. In: Insects of Australia. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Melbourne University Press.

    Lafontaine, J.D. & Poole, R.W. (1991) Noctuoidea. Noctuidae (part). Plusiinae. 3 The Moths of America North of Mexico including Greenland. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation. Washington, D.C.

    McDunnough, J.H. (1920) Studies in North American Cleorini (Geometridae). Dominion of Canada Department of Agriculture Entomological Branch technical Bulletin, 18, 3–11.

    McFarland, N. (1988) Portraits of South Australian Geometrid Moths. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas.

    McGuffin, W.C. (1945) New descriptions of larvae of forest insects, VII, Pero, Nepytia, Caripeta (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). The Canadian Entomologist, 75, 186–190.

    McGuffin, W.C. (1956) Some larvae of the genus Itame Hübner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Canadian Entomologist, 88, 6–16.

    McGuffin, W.C. (1958a) The larvae of the genus Deilinea Hübner with notes on other stages (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Canadian Entomologist, 90, 216–222.

    McGuffin, W.C. (1958b) Larvae of the Neartic Larentiinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Canadian Entomologist, 90, 1–104.

    McGuffin, W.C. (1964) Setal patterns of the anterior abdominal segments of larvae of the Geometridae (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist, 96, 841–849.

    McGuffin, W.C. (1967a) Immature stages of some Lepidoptera of Durango, Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 99, 1215–1229.

    McGuffin, W.C. (1967b) Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera). 1. Subfamily Sterrhinae. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 50, 67 pp.

    McGuffin, W.C. (1972) Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae. 1. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 86, 159 pp.

    McGuffin, W.C. (1977) Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae. 2. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 101, 191 pp.

    McGuffin, W.C. (1981) Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae. 3. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 117, 153 pp.

    McGuffin, W.C. (1987) Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae. 4. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 138, 182 pp.

    McGuffin, W.C. (1988) Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) III, IV, and V. Subfamilies Archiearinae, Oenochrominae, and Geometrinae. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 145.

    McQuillan, P.B. (1981) A review of the Australian moth genus Thalania (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 105, 1–23.

    McQuillan, P.B. (1984) A new genus for Chlenias fucata Felder and Rogenhofer (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) and a new Tasmanian species. Journal of the Ausrtralian Entomological Society, 23, 297–306.

    McQuillan, P.B. (1985) A taxonomic revision of the Australian autumn gum moth genus Mnesampela Guest (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Ennominae). Entomologica Scandanavica, 16, 175–202.

    McQuillan, P.B. (1996) The Tasmanian Geometrid Moths associated with the genus Amelora auctorum (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 10, 433–506.

    McQuillan, P.B., Young, C.J. & Richardson, A.M.M. (2001) A revision of the Australian moth genus Paralaea Guest (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 15, 277–317.

    Minet, J. & Scoble, M.J. (1999) The Drepanoid/Geometroid Assemblage, pp 301–320. In Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology, Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta. Lepidotera, Moths and Butterflies, Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics and Biogeography. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.

    Müller, W. (1886) Südamerikanischer Nymphalidenraupen Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 1, 417 pp.

    Mutuura, A. (1956) On the homology of the body areas in the thorax and abdomen and a new system of the setae of lepidopterous larvae.Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefercure (Series B), 6, 93–122.

    Nakajima, H. (1970) A contribution of the immature stages of Drepanidae occurring in Japan. Tinea, 8, 167–184.

    Packard, A.S. (1876) Notes on forest-tree insects. Bulletin of the Division of Entomology, 3, 24–30.

    Parra, L.E. & Henriquez-Rodriguez, J.L. (1993) Aportes al Conocimiento de las Polillas del Genero Mallomus Blanchard, 1852 (Geometridae, Nacophorini). Bolivian Society of Biology, 64, 171–187.

    Patočka, J. & Zach, P. (1994) On the pupae of Central European Geometridae (Lepidoptera), subfamilies Archiearinae, Oenochrominae and Ennominae, tribe Theriini. Biologia, Bratislava, 49, 739–745.

    Pease, R.W. (1960) A study of first instar larvae of the Saturniidae, with special reference to Nearctic genera. The Journal of the Lepidopterists Society, 14, 89–110.

    Peterson, A. (1956) Lepidoptera and Plant Infesting Hymenoptera. Larvae of Insects, 1, 46–147.

    Pitkin, L.M. (2002) Neotropical ennomine moths: a review of the genera (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 135, 121–401.

    Poole, R.W. (1987) A taxonomic revision of the New World moth genus Pero (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). U. S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 1698.

    Rindge, F.H. (1961) A generic revision of the New World Nacophorini (Lepidoptera:Geometridae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 123, 91–153.

    Rindge, F.H. (1983) A generic revision of the New World Nacophorini (Lepidoptera:Geometridae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 175, 147–262.

    Sato, R. (1976) Four Geometrid Larvae (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), Feeding on Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (Rhamnaceae). Kontyu (Tokyo), 44, 435–443.

    Sato, R. (1977a) Larvae of Japanese Myrteta and Scionomia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) Transactions of the lepidoptera Society of Japan, 28, 69–84.

    Sato, R. (1977b) Larvae of Japanese Archiearinae. Tyó to Ga, 28, 125–131.

    Sato, R. (1979) Larvae of Japanese Ectropis. Tinea, 10, 253–266.

    Sato, R. (1984) Taxonomic study of the genus Hypomecis Hübner and its allied genera from Japan (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae). Special Bulletin Essa Entomological Society, 1, 1–213.

    Sato, R. & Nakajima, H. (1987) Geometridae. In Sugi, S. (Ed.), Larvae of larger moths in Japan. Kodansha, Tokyo.

    Scoble, M.J. (1995) The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Scoble, M.J. (1999) Geometrid Moths of the World: a Catalogue. CSIRO Publishing, Victoria.

    Scoble, M.J. & Edwards, E.D. (1990) Parepisparis Bethune-Baker and the composition of the Oenochrominae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Entomologica Scandanavica, 20, 371–399.

    Silva, A.G.D., Gonçalves, C.R., Galvão, D.M., Gonçalves, A.J.L. , Gomes, J., Silva, M.N. & de Simoni, L. (1968) Quarto catálogo dos insectos que viven nas plantas do Brasil. Vol. 1, Ministério Agricultura Laboratorio Central Patolia Vegetal.

    Singh, B. (1953) Immature stages of Indian Lepidoptera No. 8 - Geometridae. Indian Forest Records, 8, 67–158.

    Singh, B. (1955) Some more geometrid larvae (Lepidoptera) with a note on the identitiy of components of various groups of setae. Indian Forest Records, 9, 131–165.

    Singh, B. (1959) Description of larva of Brephos infans Moeschler (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Brephinae), with a note on the relationship and affinity of subfamily Brephinae with larvae of other subfamilies of Geometridae. Indian Forest Records, 9, 211–214.

    Staude, H.S. (2001) A revision of the genus Callioratis Felder (Lepidoptera; Geometridae; Ennominae). Metamorphosis, 12(4), 125–158.

    Stehr, F.W., Martinat, P.J., Davis, D.R., Wagner, D.L., Heppner, J.B., Brown, M.E., Toliver, M.E., Miller, J.Y., Downey, J.C., Harvey, D.J., McFarland, N., Neunzig, H.H., Godfrey, G.L., Habeck, D.H., Appleby, J.E., Jeffords, M., Donahue, J.P., Brown, J.W. & Frack, D.C. (1987) Order Lepidoptera, pp 288–596. In Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature Insects. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque.

    Stokoe, W.J. & Stovin, G.H.T. (1948) The Caterpillars of British Moths Including the Eggs, Chrysalids and Food-Plants. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd., London & New York.

    Sugden, B.A. (1968) Annotated List of Forest Insects of British Columbia Part XIV, Ennominae (Geometridae). Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 65, 24–33.

    Tuxen, S.L. (1989) Taxonomist's Glossary of Genitalia in Insects. Munksgaard.

    van Dongen, S., Backeljau, T., Matthysen, E. & Dhondt, A.A. (1997) Genetic population structure of the winter moth (Opherophyta brumata L.) (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) in a fragmented landscape. Heredity, 80, 92–100.

    Wagner, D.L., Giles, V., Reardon, C. & McManus, M.L. (1997). Caterpllars of Eastern Forests. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

    Wagner, D.L., Ferguson, D.C., McCabe, T.L. & Reardon, R.C. (2002) Geometroid Caterpillars of Northeastern and Appalachian Forests. U.S. Forest Service Technology Transfer Bulletin, FHTET-2001-10. 239 pp.

    Young, C.J. (2006a) Molecular relationships of the Australian Ennominae (Lepdioptera: Geometridae) and implications for the phylogeny of the Geometridae from molecular and morphological data. Zootaxa, 1264.

    Young, C.J. & McQuillan, P.B. (2001) Redescription of the little-known Australian geometrid moth Palleopa innotata Walker, 1866 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae). Insect Systematics and Evolution, 32, 263–278.

    Young, C.J. (2006b) Descriptions of eggs of some southern Australian Geometridae (Lepidoptera). Zootaxa, 1287.

    Young, C.J. (2008) Characterisation of the Australian Nacophorini using adult morphology and phylogeny of the Geometridae based on morphological characters, Zootaxa, 1736, 1–141.

    Young, C.J. & McQuillan, P.B. (2003) Redescription and life-cycle of Archephanes zalosema Turner, 1926 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae), a specialist on Winteraceae. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 34, 81–94.