Abstract
Sponge samples were taken by SCUBA diving from sixteen sites on the north coast of South Georgia island, south westSouthern Ocean. Fifteen new species are described: Iophon husvikensis sp. nov., Clathria (Clathria) stromnessa sp.nov., Clathria (Axosuberites) rosita sp. nov., Clathria (Microciona) matthewsi sp. nov., Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx)collinsi sp. nov., Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) barnesi sp. nov., Hymedesmia (Stylopus) pharos sp. nov., Myxilla(Burtoanchora) ponceti sp. nov., Tedania (Tedaniopsis) aurantiaca sp. nov., Tedania (Tedaniopsis) wellsae sp. nov.,Mycale (Mycale) brownorum sp. nov., Mycale (Mycale) cartwrighti sp. nov., Haliclona (Soestella) crowtheri sp. nov.,Microxina myxa sp. nov. and Calyx shackletoni sp. nov. Information is also provided on the distribution and in situexternal appearance of other sponge species such as Cinachyra barbata Sollas 1886, Polymastia invaginata Kirkpatrick1907, Iophon unicorne Topsent 1907, Phorbas glaberrimus (Topsent 1917), Myxilla (Ectyomyxilla) kerguelensis(Hentschel 1914) and Rossella nuda Topsent 1901. These results increase the previously reported low spongeendemicity in South Georgia, which now better aligns with the high endemicity of other groups. However, because wesampled areas that have been poorly sampled in the Southern Ocean / Antarctic region (shallow subtidal, rocky), manyof these species may have wider polar distributions. The effect of the Polar Front as a dispersal barrier to neighbouring biogeographic regions is discussed.References
Atkinson, A., Whitehouse, M.J., Priddle, J., Cripps, G.C., Ward, P. & Brandon, M.A. (2001) South Georgia, Antarctica: a productive, cold water, pelagic ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 216, 279–308.
Barnes, D.K.A., Fuentes, V., Clarke, A., Schloss, I.R. & Wallace, M. (2006) Spatial and temporal variation in shallow seawater temperatures around Antarctica. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 53, 853–865.
Barnes, D.K.A., Griffiths, H.J., Kaiser, S. (2009) Geographic range shift responses to climate change by Antarctic benthos: where we should look. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 393, 13–26.
Barnes, D.K.A., Linse, K., Waller, C., Morely, S., Enderlein, P., Fraser, K.P.P. & Brown, M. (2006) Shallow Benthic Fauna communities of South Georgia Island. Polar Biology, 29, 223–228.
Barthel, D. & Tendal, O.S. (1994) Antarctic Hexactinellida. Theses Zoologicae. Volume 23, Synopses of the Antarctic Benthos Volume 6. (R Fricke, JW Wägele and J Sieg, Eds.). Koeltz Scientific Books, Champaign, Illinois, 154 pp.
Barthel, D., Tendal, O.S. & Panzer, K. (1990) Ecology and taxonomy of sponges in the eastern Weddell Sea shelf and slope communities. Reports on polar research, 68, 120–131.
Bergquist, P. & Fromont, J. (1988) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera: Demospongiae, Part 4 (Poecilosclerida). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 96, 1–197.
Bertolino, M., Schejter, L., Calcinai, B., Cerrano, C. & Bremec, C. (2007) Sponges from a submarine canyon of the Argentine. In: Custódio, M., Lôbo–Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds), Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Série Livros 28. Rio de Janeiro: Universidad Nacional de Rio de Janeiro, pp. 189–201.
Boury–Esnault N. & Van Beveren M. (1982) Les Démosponges du plateau continental de Kerguelen–Heard. Comité national français des recherches antarctiques, 52, 1–175.
Brueggeman, P. (1998) Porifera—Demospongiae: demosponges. Underwater Field Guide to Ross Island & McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. National Science Foundation.
Burton, M. (1929) British Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’) Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report. Porifera: Part II: Antarctic Sponges. Zoology, 6, 393–458.
Burton, M. (1930) Report on a collection of sponges from South Georgia and from Campbell Island, South Pacific, obtained by Dr. Kohl–Larsen. Senckenbergiana, 12, 331–335.
Burton, M. (1932) Sponges. Discovery Reports, 6, 237–392.
Burton, M. (1934) Sponges. Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901–03. (S Bock, Ed.). P.A. Norstedt & Soner, Stockholm, pp. 58.
Burton, M. (1940) Las Esponjas marinas del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. (Parte 1). Anales del Museo argentino de ciencias naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, 40, 95–121.
Calcinai, B. & Pansini, M. (2000) Four new demosponge species from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica). Zoosystema, 22, 369–381.
Campos, L.S., Bassoi, M., Nakayama, C., Valentin, Y.Y., Lavrado, H.P., Menot, L. & Sibuet M. (2011) Antarctic ~ South American Interactions in the Marine Environment: a COMARGE and CAML Effort through the South American Consortium on Antarctic Marine Biodiversity. Oecologia Australis, 15, 5–22.
Campos, M., Mothes, B., Lerner, C., Carraro, J.L. & Veitenheimer, I.L. (2007) Sponges (Porifera , Demospongiae ) from Bransfield Strait , off Joinville Island , collected by Brazilian Antarctic Program—PROANTAR. In: Custódio, M., Lôbo–Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds), Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Série Livros 28. Rio de Janeiro: Universidad Nacional de Rio de Janeiro, pp. 219–232.
Carter, H.J. (1872) On two new Sponges from the Antarctic Sea, and on a new Species of Tethya from Shetland; together with Observations on the Reproduction of Sponges commencing from Zygosis of the Sponge animal. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9, 409–435.
Clarke, A. & Johnston, N.M. (2003) Antarctic Marine Benthic Diversity. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 41, 47–114.
Clarke. A., Barnes, D.K.A. & Hodgson, D.A. (2005) How isolated is Antarctica? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 20, 1–3.
Cristobo, F.J. & Urgorri, V. (2001) Revision of the genus Trachytedania (Porifera: Poecilosclerida) with a description of Trachytedania ferrolensis sp.nov. from the north–east Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 81, 569–579.
Cuartas, E.I. (1992) Poríferos de la provincia biogeográfica Argentina. III. Poecilosclerida (Demospongiae), del litoral marplatense. Physis (Buenos Aires) (A), 47, 73–88.
Dalziel, I.W.D. & Elliot, D.H. (1971) Evolution of the Scotia Arc. Nature, 233, 246–252.
De Broyer, C. & Rauscher, M. (1999) Faunal diversity of the benthic amphipods (Crustacea) of the Magellan region as compared to the Antarctic (preliminary results). Scientia Marina, 63 (Supl. 1), 281–293.
Dendy, A. 1924. Porifera. Part I. Non–Antarctic sponges. Natural History Report. British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910 (Zoology) 6: 269–392.
Desqueyroux–Faúndez, R. (1989) Demospongiae (Porifera) del litoral chileno antartico. Series Cientia Instituto Antartico Chileno, 39, 97–158.
Desqueyroux–Faúndez, R. & van Soest, R.W.M. (1996) A review of Iophonidae, Myxillidae and Tedaniidae occurring in the South East Pacific (Porifera: Poecilosclerida). Revue suisse de Zoologie, 103, 3–79.
Desqueyroux–Faúndez, R. & Valentine, C. (2002a). Family Niphatidae van Soest. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest R.W.M. (Eds), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 874–890.
Desqueyroux–Faúndez, R. & Valentine, C. (2002b) Family Callyspongiidae de Laubenfels, 1936. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest R.W.M. (Eds), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 835–851.
Downey, R.V., Griffiths H.J., Linse, K. & Janussen, D. (2012) Diversity and distribution patterns in high southern latitude sponges. PLoS ONE, 7, e41672.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041672.
Downey, R.V. & Griffiths, H.J. (2012) Porifera. SOMBASE/TOTAL—Bioconstructors. Available from: http://www.scarmarbin.be (accessed February 2012).
Goodwin, C., Jones, J., Neely, K. & Brickle, P. (2011) Sponge biodiversity of the Jason Islands and Stanley, Falkland Islands with descriptions of twelve new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91, 275–301.
Goodwin, C.E., Picton, B.E. & van Soest, R.W.M. (2011) Hymedesmia (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from Irish and Scottish cold–water coral reefs, with a description of five new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91, 979–997.
Griffiths, H.J. (2010) Antarctic marine biodiversity––what do we know about the distribution of life in the Southern Ocean? PloS one 5, e11683.
Griffiths, H.J., Linse, K. & Crame, J.A. (2003) Southern Ocean Mollusc Database: A tool for biogeographic analysis in diversity and ecology. Organisms Diversity and Evolution, 3, 207–213.
Gutt, J. & Koltun, V.M. (1995) Sponges of the Lazarev and Weddell Sea, Antarctica: explanations for their patchy occurrence. Antarctic Science, 7, 227–234.
Göcke, C. & Janussen, D. (2011). ANT XXIV/2 (SYSTCO) Hexactinellida (Porifera) and bathymetric traits of Antarctic glass sponges (incorporating ANDEEP–material); including an emendation of the rediscovered genus Lonchiphora. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58, 2013–2021.
Hajdu, E. & Desqueyroux–Faúndez, R. (1994) A synopsis of South American Mycale (Mycale) (Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae), with description of three new species and a cladistic analysis of Mycalidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 101, 563–600.
Hentschel, E. (1914) Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar–Expedition 1901–1903. Deutsche Südpolar–Expedition, 1901–03, 15, 35–141.
Hogg, O.T., Barnes, D.K.A. & Griffiths, H. J. (2011) Highly diverse, poorly studied and uniquely threatened by climate change: an assessment of marine biodiversity on South Georgia’s continental shelf. PloS one 6, e19795.
Hooper, J.N.A. (2002) Family Microcionidae Carter, 1875. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest R.W.M. (Eds), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 432–468.
Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (2002) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Volume 1. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 1101.
Janussen, D. & Reiswig, H.M. (2009) Hexactinellida (Porifera) from the ANDEEP III Expedition to the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 2136, 1–20.
Kirkpatrick, R. (1907) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonellida of the National Antarctic Expedition. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 20, 271–291.
Kirkpatrick, R. (1908) Porifera (Sponges). II. Tetraxonida. National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–1904. Natural History, 4, 1–56.
Koltun, V.M. (1964) Sponges of the Antarctic I. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. In: Pavilovskii, E.P., Andriyashev, A.P. & Ushakov, P.V., (Eds.), Biological reports of the Soviet Antarctic expedition (1955–1958). Volume 2. Akademya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Leningrad, pp. 6–133.
Koltun, V.M. (1970) Sponges of the Arctic and Antarctic; a faunistic review. In: Fry, W.G., (Ed.), Biology of the Porifera. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 25. Academic Press, London, pp. 285–297.
Koltun, V.M. (1976) Porifera—Part 1: Antarctic Sponges. Report B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929–1931 (B, Zoology and Botany), 5, 163–198.
Longo, C., Mastrototaro, F. & Corriero, G. (2005) Sponge fauna associated with a Mediterranean deep–sea coral bank. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 85, 1341–1352.
Lévi, C. (1956) Éponges littorales des Îles Kerguelen récoltées par M. Angot. Mémoires de l’Institut Scientifique de Madagascar (A), 10, 25–34.
Lévi, C. (1963) Spongiaires d’Afrique du Sud. (1) Poecilosclérides. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 37, 1–72.
Linse, K. (2002) The Shelled Magellanic Mollusca: with Special Reference to Biogeographic Relations in the Southern Ocean. A.R.A Ganter Verlag, Liechtenstein, pp. 251.
Maldonado, M. (2006) The ecology of the sponge larva. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 84, 175–194.
Maldonado, M. & Bergquist, P.R. (2002) Phylum Porifera. In: Young, C.M., Sewell, M.A. & Rice, M.E. (Eds.), Atlas of Marine Invertebrate Larvae. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 21–50.
Maldonado, M. & Young, C. (1996) Bathymetric patterns of sponge distribution on the Bahamian slope. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 43, 897–915.
Maldonado, M. & Young, C.M. (1998) Limits on the bathymetric distribution of keratose sponges: a field test in deep water. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 174, 123–139.
McClintock, J.B., Amsler, C.D., Baker, B.J. & van Soest, R.W.M. (2005) Ecology of antarctic marine sponges: an overview. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45, 359–368.
Meredith, M.P., Brandon, M.A., Murphy, E.J., Trathan, P.N., Thorpe, S.E., Bone, D.G., Chernyshkov, P.P. & Sushin, V.A. (2005) Variability in hydrographic conditions to the east and northwest of South Georgia, 1996–2001. Journal of Marine Systems, 53, 143–167.
Nichols, S. & Barnes, P. (2005) A molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the marine sponge genus (Phylum Porifera) indicate low dispersal capabilities and widespread crypsis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 323, 1–15.
Pansini, M., Calcinai, B., Cattaneo-Vietti, R. & Sara, M. (1994) Demosponges from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica): 1987/1988 and 1989/90. Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide, Expeditions. National Scientific Commission for Antarctica Oceanographic Campaign 1987/88 and 1989/90, 3, 67–100.
Pearse, J.S., Mcclintock, J.B. & Bosch, I. (1991) Reproduction of antarctic benthic marine invertebrates: tempos, modes, and timing. Integrative and Comparative Biology,1, 31, 65–80.
Picton, B.E. & Goodwin, C.E. (2007) Sponge biodiversity of Rathlin Island, Northern Ireland. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 87, 1441–1458.
Plotkin, A.S. & Janussen, D. (2008) Polymastiidae and Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) of the deep Weddell Sea, Antarctic. Zootaxa, 1866, 95–135.
Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. “Challenger”. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18, 325–351.
Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. “Challenger” during the years 1873–1876. Zoology, 20, 1–275.
Rios, P. (2006) Esponjas del orden Poecilosclerida de las campanas espanolas de bentos Antartico. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, pp. 1–527.
Rios, P. & Cristobo, F.J. (2007) Sponges of genus Myxilla Schmidt, 1862, collected in Antarctic waters by Spanish Antarctic expeditions. In: Custódio, M., Lôbo–Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds), Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Série Livros 28. Rio de Janeiro: Universidad Nacional de Rio de Janeiro, pp. 525–546.
Rios, P., Cristobo, F. & Urgorri, V. (2004) Poecilosclerida (Porifera, Demospongiae) collected by the Spanish antarctic expedition BENTART–94. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 45, 97–119.
Rodriguez, P.R.D. & Muricy, G. (2007) A new species of Cinachyra (Demospongiae : Tetillidae) collected by Project REVIZEE off Espírito Santo State , SE Brazil. In: Custódio, M., Lôbo–Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds), Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Série Livros 28. Rio de Janeiro: Universidad Nacional de Rio de Janeiro, pp. 547–553.
Sara, M., Balduzzi, A., Barbieri, M., Bavastrello, G. & Burlando, B. (1992). Biogeographic traits and checklist of Antarctic demosponges. Polar Biology, 12, 559–585.
Sarà, M. (1978) Demospongie di acque superficiali della Terra del Fuoco (Spedizioni AMF Mares—GRSTS e SAI). Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici della Università di Genova, 46, 7–117.
van Soest, R.W.M. (2002a) Family Coelosphaeridae Dendy, 1922. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest R.W.M. (Eds), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 528–546.
van Soest, R.W.M. (2002b) Family Tedaniidae Ridley and Dendy 1886. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest R.W.M. (Eds), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 625–632.
van Soest, R.W.M. & Hooper, J.N.A. (2002) Suborder Haplosclerina Topsent, 1928. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest R.W.M. (Eds), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 833–834.
van Soest, R.W.M & Rützler, K. (2002) Family Tetillidae Sollas, 1886. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest R.W.M. (Eds), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 85–98.
van Soest, R.W.M., Boury-Esnault, N., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann M., Erpenbeck, D., De Voogd, N. J., Santodoomingo, N., Vanhoorne, B., Kelly, M. & Hooper, J.N.A. (2012) Global diversity of sponges. Plos one, 7, 1–23.
van Soest, R.W.M., Cleary, D.F.R., Kluijver, M.J.D., Lavaleye, M.S.S., Maier, C. & van Duyl, F.C. (2007) Sponge diversity and community composition in Irish bathyal coral reefs. Contributions to Zoology, 76, 121–142.
van Soest, R.W.M., Boury–Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K., de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M. & Vacelet, J. (2012) World Porifera database. Available from http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera. (consulted on 18th February 2012).
Sollas, W.J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H.M.S. Challenger, during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, 1873–1876. Zoology, 25, 1–458.
Thiele, J. (1905) Die Kiesel– und Hornschwämme der Sammlung Plate. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Supplement, 407–496.
Topsent, E. (1901) Notice préliminaire sur les éponges recueuillies par l’Expédition Antarctique Belge. Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale, 3, 5–16.
Topsent, E. (1907) Poecilosclérides nouvelles recueillies par le Français dans l’Antarctique. Bulletin du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris, 13, 69–76.
Topsent, E. (1913) Spongiaires de l’Expédition Antarctique Nationale Ecossaise. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 49, 579–643.
Topsent, E. (1915) Spongiaires recueillis par la “Scotia” dans l’Antarctique (1903–1904). Supplément. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 51, 35–43.
Topsent, E. (1916) Diagnoses d’éponges recueillies dans l’Antarctique par le Pourquoi–Pas? Bulletin du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, 22, 163–172.
Topsent, E. (1917) Spongiaires. In: Joubin, L. (Ed.), Deuxième Expédition Antarctique Française (1908–1910) Commandée par le Dr. Jean Charcot. Sciences Physiques: Documents Scientifiques. Masson & Cie, Paris, pp. 1–88.
Vacelet, J. & Perez, T. (1998) Two new genera and species of sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) without skeleton from a Mediterranean cave. Zoosystema, 20, 5–22.
Voultsiadou, E. (2005) Sponge diversity in the Aegean Sea. Distribution, 64, 53–64.
Wiedenmayer, F. (1989) Demospongiae (Porifera) from northern Bass Strait, southern Australia. Memoirs Museum Victoria, 50, 1–242.
de Weert, W.H. (2002) Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest R.W.M. (Eds), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 852–873.
Willenz, P., Hajdu, E., Desqueyroux–Faúndez, R., Lôbo–Hajdu, G. & de Souza Carvalho, M. (2009) Class Demospongiae. In: Häussermann, V. & Försterra, G., (Eds.) Marine Benthic Fauna of Chilean Patagonia. Nature in Focus, Puerto Montt, pp. 94–170.
Young, E.F., Meredith, M.P., Murphy, E.J. & Carvalho, G.R. (2011) High–resolution modelling of the shelf and open ocean adjacent to South Georgia, Southern Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58, 1540–1552.